Page319
ANNEX 1C
AGREEMENT ONTRADE-RELATED ASPECTS OF
INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS
PART I GENERAL PROVISIONS AND BASIC PRINCIPLES
PART II STANDARDS CONCERNING THE AVAILABILITY, SCOPE AND USE OF
INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS
1. Copyright andRelated Rights
2. Trademarks
3. Geographical Indications
4. Industrial Designs
5. Patents
6. Layout-Designs (Topographies) ofIntegrated Circuits
7. Protection ofUndisclosed Information
8. Control ofAnti-Competitive Practices inContractual Licences
PART III ENFORCEMENT OFINTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS
1. General Obligations
2. Civil andAdministrative Procedures andRemedies
3. Provisional Measures
4. Special Requirements Related toBorder Measures
5. Criminal Procedures
PART IV ACQUISITIONANDMAINTENANCEOFINTELLECTUALPROPERTYRIGHTS
AND RELATED INTER-PARTES PROCEDURES
PART V DISPUTE PREVENTION AND SETTLEMENT
PART VI TRANSITIONAL ARRANGEMENTS
PART VII INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS; FINAL PROVISIONSPage320
AGREEMENT ONTRADE-RELATED ASPECTS OF
INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS
Members,
Desiring toreduce distortions andimpediments tointernational trade, andtaking intoaccount
theneedtopromote effective andadequate protection ofintellectual property rights, andtoensure
thatmeasures andprocedures toenforce intellectual property rights donotthemselves become barriers
tolegitimate trade;
Recognizing ,tothisend,theneedfornewrules anddisciplines concerning:
(a) theapplicability ofthebasic principles ofGATT 1994 andofrelevant international
intellectual property agreements orconventions;
(b) theprovision ofadequate standards andprinciples concerning theavailability, scope
anduseoftrade-related intellectual property rights;
(c) theprovision ofeffective andappropriate means fortheenforcement oftrade-related
intellectual property rights, taking intoaccount differences innational legalsystems;
(d) theprovision ofeffective andexpeditious procedures forthemultilateral prevention
andsettlement ofdisputes between governments; and
(e) transitional arrangements aiming atthefullest participation intheresults ofthe
negotiations;
Recognizing theneedforamultilateral framework ofprinciples, rulesanddisciplines dealing
withinternational trade incounterfeit goods;
Recognizing thatintellectual property rights areprivate rights;
Recognizing theunderlying public policy objectives ofnational systems fortheprotection of
intellectual property, including developmental andtechnological objectives;
Recognizingalsothespecialneedsoftheleast-developedcountryMembersinrespectofmaximum
flexibility inthedomestic implementation oflawsandregulations inorder toenable them tocreate
asound andviable technological base;
Emphasizing theimportance ofreducing tensions byreaching strengthened commitments to
resolve disputes ontrade-related intellectual property issues through multilateral procedures;
Desiring toestablish amutually supportive relationship between theWTO andtheWorld
Intellectual Property Organization (referred tointhisAgreement as"WIPO") aswellasother relevant
international organizations;
Hereby agree asfollows:Page321
PART I
GENERAL PROVISIONS AND BASIC PRINCIPLES
Article 1
Nature andScope ofObligations
1. Members shallgiveeffect totheprovisions ofthisAgreement. Members may, butshallnot
beobliged to,implement intheirlawmore extensive protection thanisrequired bythisAgreement,
provided thatsuchprotection doesnotcontravene theprovisions ofthisAgreement. Members shall
befreetodetermine theappropriate method ofimplementing theprovisions ofthisAgreement within
theirownlegalsystem andpractice.
2. Forthepurposes ofthisAgreement, theterm"intellectual property" refers toallcategories
ofintellectual property thatarethesubject ofSections 1through 7ofPartII.
3. Members shallaccord thetreatment provided forinthisAgreement tothenationals ofother
Members.1Inrespect oftherelevant intellectual property right, thenationals ofother Members shall
beunderstood asthose natural orlegalpersons thatwould meetthecriteria foreligibility forprotection
provided forintheParis Convention (1967), theBerne Convention (1971), theRome Convention and
theTreaty onIntellectual Property inRespect ofIntegrated Circuits, wereallMembers oftheWTO
members ofthose conventions.2AnyMember availing itselfofthepossibilities provided inparagraph 3
ofArticle 5orparagraph 2ofArticle 6oftheRome Convention shallmake anotification asforeseen
inthoseprovisionstotheCouncilforTrade-RelatedAspectsofIntellectualPropertyRights(the"Council
forTRIPS").
Article 2
Intellectual Property Conventions
1. Inrespect ofParts II,IIIandIVofthisAgreement, Members shallcomply withArticles 1
through 12,andArticle 19,oftheParis Convention (1967).
2. NothinginPartsItoIVofthisAgreementshallderogatefromexistingobligationsthatMembers
mayhavetoeachother under theParis Convention, theBerne Convention, theRome Convention and
theTreaty onIntellectual Property inRespect ofIntegrated Circuits.
1When "nationals" arereferred tointhisAgreement, theyshallbedeemed, inthecaseofaseparate customs territory
Member oftheWTO, tomean persons, natural orlegal, whoaredomiciled orwhohave arealandeffective industrial or
commercial establishment inthatcustoms territory.
2InthisAgreement, "Paris Convention" refers totheParis Convention fortheProtection ofIndustrial Property; "Paris
Convention (1967)" refers totheStockholm ActofthisConvention of14July1967. "Berne Convention" refers totheBerne
Convention fortheProtection ofLiterary andArtistic Works; "Berne Convention (1971)" refers totheParis Actofthis
Convention of24July1971. "Rome Convention" refers totheInternational Convention fortheProtection ofPerformers,
Producers ofPhonograms andBroadcasting Organizations, adopted atRome on26October 1961. "Treaty onIntellectual
Property inRespect ofIntegrated Circuits" (IPIC Treaty) refers totheTreaty onIntellectual Property inRespect ofIntegrated
Circuits, adopted atWashington on26May 1989. "WTO Agreement" refers totheAgreement Establishing theWTO.Page322
Article 3
National Treatment
1. EachMember shallaccord tothenationals ofother Members treatment nolessfavourable than
thatitaccords toitsownnationals withregard totheprotection3ofintellectual property, subject to
theexceptions already provided in,respectively, theParis Convention (1967), theBerne
Convention (1971), theRome Convention ortheTreaty onIntellectual Property inRespect ofIntegrated
Circuits. Inrespect ofperformers, producers ofphonograms andbroadcasting organizations, this
obligation onlyapplies inrespect oftherights provided under thisAgreement. AnyMember availing
itself ofthepossibilities provided inArticle 6oftheBerne Convention (1971) orparagraph 1(b)of
Article 16oftheRome Convention shallmake anotification asforeseen inthose provisions tothe
Council forTRIPS.
2. Members mayavailthemselves oftheexceptions permitted under paragraph 1inrelation to
judicial andadministrative procedures, including thedesignation ofanaddress forservice orthe
appointment ofanagent within thejurisdiction ofaMember, onlywhere suchexceptions arenecessary
tosecure compliance withlawsandregulations which arenotinconsistent withtheprovisions ofthis
Agreement andwhere suchpractices arenotapplied inamanner which would constitute adisguised
restriction ontrade.
Article 4
Most-Favoured-Nation Treatment
With regard totheprotection ofintellectual property, anyadvantage, favour, privilege or
immunity granted byaMember tothenationals ofanyother country shallbeaccorded immediately
andunconditionally tothenationals ofallother Members. Exempted from thisobligation areany
advantage, favour, privilege orimmunity accorded byaMember:
(a) deriving from international agreements onjudicial assistance orlawenforcement of
ageneral nature andnotparticularly confined totheprotection ofintellectual property;
(b) granted inaccordance withtheprovisions oftheBerne Convention (1971) ortheRome
Convention authorizing thatthetreatment accorded beafunction notofnational
treatment butofthetreatment accorded inanother country;
(c) inrespect oftherights ofperformers, producers ofphonograms andbroadcasting
organizations notprovided under thisAgreement;
(d) deriving frominternational agreements related totheprotection ofintellectual property
which entered intoforce priortotheentry intoforce oftheWTO Agreement, provided
thatsuchagreements arenotified totheCouncil forTRIPS anddonotconstitute an
arbitrary orunjustifiable discrimination against nationals ofother Members.
3Forthepurposes ofArticles 3and4,"protection" shallinclude matters affecting theavailability, acquisition, scope,
maintenance andenforcement ofintellectual property rights aswellasthose matters affecting theuseofintellectual property
rights specifically addressed inthisAgreement.Page323
Article 5
Multilateral Agreements onAcquisition or
Maintenance ofProtection
Theobligations under Articles 3and4donotapply toprocedures provided inmultilateral
agreements concluded under theauspices ofWIPO relating totheacquisition ormaintenance of
intellectual property rights.
Article 6
Exhaustion
Forthepurposes ofdispute settlement under thisAgreement, subject totheprovisions of
Articles 3and4nothing inthisAgreement shallbeusedtoaddress theissue oftheexhaustion of
intellectual property rights.
Article 7
Objectives
Theprotectionandenforcementofintellectualpropertyrightsshouldcontributetothepromotion
oftechnological innovation andtothetransfer anddissemination oftechnology, tothemutual advantage
ofproducers andusers oftechnological knowledge andinamanner conducive tosocial andeconomic
welfare, andtoabalance ofrights andobligations.
Article 8
Principles
1. Membersmay,informulatingoramendingtheirlawsandregulations,adoptmeasuresnecessary
toprotect public health andnutrition, andtopromote thepublic interest insectors ofvitalimportance
totheirsocio-economic andtechnological development, provided thatsuchmeasures areconsistent
withtheprovisions ofthisAgreement.
2. Appropriate measures, provided thattheyareconsistent withtheprovisions ofthisAgreement,
maybeneeded toprevent theabuse ofintellectual property rights byright holders ortheresort to
practices which unreasonably restrain tradeoradversely affect theinternational transfer oftechnology.Page324
PART II
STANDARDS CONCERNING THE AVAILABILITY, SCOPE
AND USEOFINTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS
SECTION 1:COPYRIGHT AND RELATED RIGHTS
Article 9
Relation totheBerne Convention
1. Members shallcomply withArticles 1through 21oftheBerne Convention (1971) andthe
Appendix thereto. However, Members shallnothaverights orobligations under thisAgreement in
respect oftherights conferred under Article 6bisofthatConvention oroftherights derived therefrom.
2. Copyright protection shallextend toexpressions andnottoideas, procedures, methods of
operation ormathematical concepts assuch.
Article 10
Computer Programs andCompilations ofData
1. Computer programs, whether insource orobject code, shallbeprotected asliterary works
under theBerne Convention (1971).
2. Compilations ofdataorother material, whether inmachine readable orother form, which by
reason oftheselection orarrangement oftheircontents constitute intellectual creations shallbeprotected
assuch. Suchprotection, which shallnotextend tothedataormaterial itself, shallbewithout prejudice
toanycopyright subsisting inthedataormaterial itself.
Article 11
Rental Rights
Inrespect ofatleastcomputer programs andcinematographic works, aMember shallprovide
authors andtheirsuccessors intitletherighttoauthorize ortoprohibit thecommercial rental tothe
public oforiginals orcopies oftheircopyright works. AMember shallbeexcepted fromthisobligation
inrespect ofcinematographic works unless suchrental hasledtowidespread copying ofsuchworks
which ismaterially impairing theexclusive rightofreproduction conferred inthatMember onauthors
andtheirsuccessors intitle. Inrespect ofcomputer programs, thisobligation doesnotapply torentals
where theprogram itself isnottheessential object oftherental.
Article 12
Term ofProtection
Whenever thetermofprotection ofawork, otherthanaphotographic workoraworkofapplied
art,iscalculated onabasis other thanthelifeofanatural person, suchtermshallbenolessthanPage325
50years from theendofthecalendar yearofauthorized publication, or,failing suchauthorized
publication within 50years fromthemaking ofthework, 50years fromtheendofthecalendar year
ofmaking.
Article 13
Limitations andExceptions
Members shallconfine limitations orexceptions toexclusive rights tocertain special caseswhich
donotconflict withanormal exploitation ofthework anddonotunreasonably prejudice thelegitimate
interests oftherightholder.
Article 14
Protection ofPerformers, Producers ofPhonograms
(Sound Recordings) andBroadcasting Organizations
1. Inrespect ofafixation oftheir performance onaphonogram, performers shall have the
possibility ofpreventing thefollowing actswhen undertaken without theirauthorization: thefixation
oftheirunfixed performance andthereproduction ofsuchfixation. Performers shallalsohavethe
possibilityofpreventingthefollowingactswhenundertakenwithouttheirauthorization:thebroadcasting
bywireless means andthecommunication tothepublic oftheirliveperformance.
2. Producers ofphonograms shallenjoy therighttoauthorize orprohibit thedirect orindirect
reproduction oftheirphonograms.
3. Broadcasting organizations shallhavetherighttoprohibit thefollowing actswhen undertaken
withouttheirauthorization:thefixation,thereproductionoffixations,andtherebroadcastingbywireless
means ofbroadcasts, aswellasthecommunication tothepublic oftelevision broadcasts ofthesame.
Where Members donotgrant suchrights tobroadcasting organizations, theyshallprovide owners
ofcopyright inthesubject matter ofbroadcasts withthepossibility ofpreventing theabove acts,subject
totheprovisions oftheBerne Convention (1971).
4. Theprovisions ofArticle 11inrespect ofcomputer programs shallapply mutatis mutandis
toproducers ofphonograms andanyother rightholders inphonograms asdetermined inaMember 's
law. Ifon15April 1994 aMember hasinforce asystem ofequitable remuneration ofrightholders
inrespect oftherental ofphonograms, itmaymaintain suchsystem provided thatthecommercial rental
ofphonograms isnotgiving risetothematerial impairment oftheexclusive rights ofreproduction
ofrightholders.
5. Thetermoftheprotection available under thisAgreement toperformers andproducers of
phonograms shalllastatleastuntiltheendofaperiod of50years computed fromtheendofthecalendar
yearinwhich thefixation wasmade ortheperformance tookplace. Thetermofprotection granted
pursuant toparagraph 3shalllastforatleast20years fromtheendofthecalendar yearinwhich the
broadcast tookplace.
6. AnyMember may, inrelation totherights conferred under paragraphs 1,2and3,provide
forconditions, limitations, exceptions andreservations totheextent permitted bytheRome Convention.
However,theprovisionsofArticle18oftheBerneConvention(1971)shallalsoapply,mutatismutandis,
totherights ofperformers andproducers ofphonograms inphonograms.Page326
SECTION 2:TRADEMARKS
Article 15
Protectable Subject Matter
1. Anysign,oranycombination ofsigns, capable ofdistinguishing thegoods orservices ofone
undertaking fromthose ofother undertakings, shallbecapable ofconstituting atrademark. Suchsigns,
inparticular words including personal names, letters, numerals, figurative elements andcombinations
ofcolours aswellasanycombination ofsuchsigns, shallbeeligible forregistration astrademarks.
Where signs arenotinherently capable ofdistinguishing therelevant goods orservices, Members may
makeregistrabilitydependondistinctivenessacquiredthroughuse.Membersmayrequire,asacondition
ofregistration, thatsigns bevisually perceptible.
2. Paragraph 1shall notbeunderstood toprevent aMember from denying registration ofa
trademark onother grounds, provided thattheydonotderogate from theprovisions oftheParis
Convention (1967).
3. Members maymake registrability depend onuse.However, actual useofatrademark shall
notbeacondition forfiling anapplication forregistration. Anapplication shallnotberefused solely
ontheground thatintended usehasnottaken place before theexpiry ofaperiod ofthree years from
thedateofapplication.
4. Thenature ofthegoods orservices towhich atrademark istobeapplied shallinnocaseform
anobstacle toregistration ofthetrademark.
5. Members shallpublish eachtrademark either before itisregistered orpromptly afteritis
registered andshallafford areasonable opportunity forpetitions tocancel theregistration. Inaddition,
Members mayafford anopportunity fortheregistration ofatrademark tobeopposed.
Article 16
Rights Conferred
1. Theowner ofaregistered trademark shallhavetheexclusive righttoprevent allthirdparties
nothaving theowner ’sconsent fromusing inthecourse oftrade identical orsimilar signs forgoods
orservices which areidentical orsimilar tothose inrespect ofwhich thetrademark isregistered where
suchusewould result inalikelihood ofconfusion. Incaseoftheuseofanidentical signforidentical
goods orservices, alikelihood ofconfusion shallbepresumed. Therights described above shallnot
prejudice anyexisting prior rights, norshalltheyaffect thepossibility ofMembers making rights
available onthebasis ofuse.
2. Article 6bisoftheParis Convention (1967) shallapply, mutatis mutandis ,toservices. In
determining whether atrademark iswell-known, Members shalltakeaccount oftheknowledge ofthe
trademark intherelevant sector ofthepublic, including knowledge intheMember concerned which
hasbeenobtained asaresult ofthepromotion ofthetrademark.
3. Article 6bisoftheParisConvention (1967) shallapply, mutatis mutandis ,togoods orservices
which arenotsimilar tothose inrespect ofwhich atrademark isregistered, provided thatuseofthat
trademark inrelation tothose goods orservices would indicate aconnection between those goods orPage327
services andtheowner oftheregistered trademark andprovided thattheinterests oftheowner ofthe
registered trademark arelikely tobedamaged bysuchuse.
Article 17
Exceptions
Members mayprovide limited exceptions totherights conferred byatrademark, suchasfair
useofdescriptive terms, provided thatsuchexceptions takeaccount ofthelegitimate interests ofthe
owner ofthetrademark andofthirdparties.
Article 18
Term ofProtection
Initial registration, andeachrenewal ofregistration, ofatrademark shallbeforatermofno
lessthanseven years. Theregistration ofatrademark shallberenewable indefinitely.
Article 19
Requirement ofUse
1. Ifuseisrequired tomaintain aregistration, theregistration maybecancelled onlyafteran
uninterrupted period ofatleastthree years ofnon-use, unless valid reasons based ontheexistence
ofobstacles tosuchuseareshown bythetrademark owner. Circumstances arising independently of
thewilloftheowner ofthetrademark which constitute anobstacle totheuseofthetrademark, such
asimport restrictions onorother government requirements forgoods orservices protected bythe
trademark, shallberecognized asvalid reasons fornon-use.
2. When subject tothecontrol ofitsowner, useofatrademark byanother person shall be
recognized asuseofthetrademark forthepurpose ofmaintaining theregistration.
Article 20
Other Requirements
Theuseofatrademark inthecourse oftrade shallnotbeunjustifiably encumbered byspecial
requirements, suchasusewithanother trademark, useinaspecial formoruseinamanner detrimental
toitscapability todistinguish thegoods orservices ofoneundertaking fromthose ofotherundertakings.
Thiswillnotpreclude arequirement prescribing theuseofthetrademark identifying theundertaking
producing thegoods orservices along with, butwithout linking itto,thetrademark distinguishing
thespecific goods orservices inquestion ofthatundertaking.Page328
Article 21
Licensing andAssignment
Members maydetermine conditions onthelicensing andassignment oftrademarks, itbeing
understood thatthecompulsory licensing oftrademarks shallnotbepermitted andthattheowner of
aregistered trademark shallhavetherighttoassign thetrademark withorwithout thetransfer ofthe
business towhich thetrademark belongs.
SECTION 3:GEOGRAPHICAL INDICATIONS
Article 22
Protection ofGeographical Indications
1. Geographical indications are,forthepurposes ofthisAgreement, indications which identify
agood asoriginating intheterritory ofaMember, oraregion orlocality inthatterritory, where a
given quality, reputation orother characteristic ofthegoodisessentially attributable toitsgeographical
origin.
2. Inrespect ofgeographical indications, Members shallprovide thelegalmeans forinterested
parties toprevent:
(a) theuseofanymeans inthedesignation orpresentation ofagood thatindicates or
suggests thatthegoodinquestion originates inageographical areaother thanthetrue
place oforigin inamanner which misleads thepublic astothegeographical origin
ofthegood;
(b) anyusewhich constitutes anactofunfair competition within themeaning of
Article 10bisoftheParis Convention (1967).
3. AMember shall, exofficio ifitslegislation sopermits orattherequest ofaninterested party,
refuse orinvalidate theregistration ofatrademark which contains orconsists ofageographical indication
withrespect togoods notoriginating intheterritory indicated, ifuseoftheindication inthetrademark
forsuchgoods inthatMember isofsuchanature astomislead thepublic astothetrueplace oforigin.
4. Theprotection under paragraphs 1,2and3shallbeapplicable against ageographical indication
which, although literally trueastotheterritory, region orlocality inwhich thegoods originate, falsely
represents tothepublic thatthegoods originate inanother territory.Page329
Article 23
Additional Protection forGeographical Indications
forWines andSpirits
1. EachMembershallprovidethelegalmeansforinterestedpartiestopreventuseofageographical
indicationidentifyingwinesforwinesnotoriginatingintheplaceindicatedbythegeographicalindication
inquestion oridentifying spirits forspirits notoriginating intheplace indicated bythegeographical
indication inquestion, evenwhere thetrueorigin ofthegoods isindicated orthegeographical indication
isusedintranslation oraccompanied byexpressions suchas"kind", "type", "style", "imitation" or
thelike.4
2. Theregistration ofatrademark forwines which contains orconsists ofageographical indication
identifying wines orforspirits which contains orconsists ofageographical indication identifying spirits
shallberefused orinvalidated, exofficio ifaMember 'slegislation sopermits orattherequest ofan
interested party, withrespect tosuchwines orspirits nothaving thisorigin.
3. Inthecaseofhomonymous geographical indications forwines, protection shallbeaccorded
toeachindication, subject totheprovisions ofparagraph 4ofArticle 22.EachMember shalldetermine
thepractical conditions under which thehomonymous indications inquestion willbedifferentiated
fromeachother, taking intoaccount theneedtoensure equitable treatment oftheproducers concerned
andthatconsumers arenotmisled.
4. Inorder tofacilitate theprotection ofgeographical indications forwines, negotiations shall
beundertaken intheCouncil forTRIPS concerning theestablishment ofamultilateral system of
notificationandregistrationofgeographicalindicationsforwineseligibleforprotectioninthoseMembers
participating inthesystem.
Article 24
International Negotiations; Exceptions
1. Members agree toenter intonegotiations aimed atincreasing theprotection ofindividual
geographical indications under Article 23.Theprovisions ofparagraphs 4through 8below shallnot
beusedbyaMembertorefusetoconductnegotiationsortoconcludebilateralormultilateralagreements.
Inthecontext ofsuchnegotiations, Members shallbewilling toconsider thecontinued applicability
oftheseprovisions toindividual geographical indications whose usewasthesubject ofsuchnegotiations.
2. TheCouncil forTRIPS shallkeepunder review theapplication oftheprovisions ofthisSection;
thefirstsuchreview shalltakeplace within twoyears oftheentry intoforce oftheWTO Agreement.
Anymatter affecting thecompliance withtheobligations under these provisions maybedrawn tothe
attention oftheCouncil, which, attherequest ofaMember, shallconsult withanyMember orMembers
inrespect ofsuchmatter inrespect ofwhich ithasnotbeenpossible tofindasatisfactory solution
through bilateral orplurilateral consultations between theMembers concerned. TheCouncil shalltake
suchaction asmaybeagreed tofacilitate theoperation andfurther theobjectives ofthisSection.
3. Inimplementing thisSection, aMember shallnotdiminish theprotection ofgeographical
indications thatexisted inthatMember immediately prior tothedateofentry intoforce oftheWTO
Agreement.
4Notwithstanding thefirstsentence ofArticle 42,Members may, withrespect tothese obligations, instead provide for
enforcement byadministrative action.Page330
4. Nothing inthisSection shall require aMember toprevent continued andsimilar useofa
particular geographical indication ofanother Member identifying wines orspirits inconnection with
goods orservices byanyofitsnationals ordomiciliaries whohaveusedthatgeographical indication
inacontinuous manner withregard tothesame orrelated goods orservices intheterritory ofthat
Member either (a)foratleast10years preceding 15April 1994 or(b)ingood faithpreceding that
date.
5. Where atrademark hasbeenapplied fororregistered ingood faith, orwhere rights toa
trademark havebeenacquired through useingood faitheither:
(a) before thedateofapplication oftheseprovisions inthatMember asdefined inPartVI;
or
(b) before thegeographical indication isprotected initscountry oforigin;
measures adopted toimplement thisSection shallnotprejudice eligibility fororthevalidity ofthe
registration ofatrademark, ortherighttouseatrademark, onthebasisthatsuchatrademark isidentical
with, orsimilar to,ageographical indication.
6. NothinginthisSectionshallrequireaMembertoapplyitsprovisionsinrespectofageographical
indication ofanyother Member withrespect togoods orservices forwhich therelevant indication
isidentical withthetermcustomary incommon language asthecommon name forsuchgoods orservices
intheterritory ofthatMember. Nothing inthisSection shallrequire aMember toapply itsprovisions
inrespect ofageographical indication ofanyother Member withrespect toproducts ofthevinefor
which therelevant indication isidentical withthecustomary name ofagrape variety existing inthe
territory ofthatMember asofthedateofentry intoforce oftheWTO Agreement.
7. AMember mayprovide thatanyrequest made under thisSection inconnection withtheuse
orregistration ofatrademark mustbepresented within fiveyears aftertheadverse useoftheprotected
indication hasbecome generally known inthatMember orafterthedateofregistration ofthetrademark
inthatMember provided thatthetrademark hasbeenpublished bythatdate, ifsuchdateisearlier
thanthedateonwhich theadverse usebecame generally known inthatMember, provided thatthe
geographical indication isnotusedorregistered inbadfaith.
8. Theprovisions ofthisSection shallinnowayprejudice therightofanyperson touse,inthe
course oftrade, thatperson ’sname orthename ofthatperson ’spredecessor inbusiness, except where
suchname isusedinsuchamanner astomislead thepublic.
9. There shallbenoobligation under thisAgreement toprotect geographical indications which
arenotorcease tobeprotected intheircountry oforigin, orwhich havefallen intodisuse inthat
country.
SECTION 4:INDUSTRIAL DESIGNS
Article 25
Requirements forProtection
1. Members shallprovide fortheprotection ofindependently created industrial designs thatare
newororiginal. Members mayprovide thatdesigns arenotnewororiginal iftheydonotsignificantlyPage331
differ from known designs orcombinations ofknown design features. Members mayprovide that
suchprotection shallnotextend todesigns dictated essentially bytechnical orfunctional considerations.
2. Each Member shallensure thatrequirements forsecuring protection fortextile designs, in
particular inregard toanycost,examination orpublication, donotunreasonably impair theopportunity
toseekandobtain suchprotection. Members shallbefreetomeetthisobligation through industrial
design laworthrough copyright law.
Article 26
Protection
1. Theowner ofaprotected industrial design shallhavetherighttoprevent thirdparties nothaving
theowner ’sconsent frommaking, selling orimporting articles bearing orembodying adesign which
isacopy, orsubstantially acopy, oftheprotected design, when suchactsareundertaken forcommercial
purposes.
2. Members mayprovide limited exceptions totheprotection ofindustrial designs, provided that
suchexceptions donotunreasonably conflict withthenormal exploitation ofprotected industrial designs
anddonotunreasonably prejudice thelegitimate interests oftheowner oftheprotected design, taking
account ofthelegitimate interests ofthirdparties.
3. Theduration ofprotection available shallamount toatleast10years.
SECTION 5:PATENTS
Article 27
Patentable Subject Matter
1. Subject totheprovisions ofparagraphs 2and3,patents shallbeavailable foranyinventions,
whether products orprocesses, inallfields oftechnology, provided thattheyarenew, involve an
inventive stepandarecapable ofindustrial application.5Subject toparagraph 4ofArticle 65,
paragraph 8ofArticle 70andparagraph 3ofthisArticle, patents shallbeavailable andpatent rights
enjoyablewithoutdiscriminationastotheplaceofinvention,thefieldoftechnologyandwhetherproducts
areimported orlocally produced.
2. Members mayexclude from patentability inventions, theprevention within theirterritory of
thecommercial exploitation ofwhich isnecessary toprotect ordre public ormorality, including to
protect human, animal orplantlifeorhealth ortoavoid serious prejudice totheenvironment, provided
thatsuchexclusion isnotmade merely because theexploitation isprohibited bytheirlaw.
3. Members mayalsoexclude from patentability:
(a) diagnostic, therapeutic andsurgical methods forthetreatment ofhumans oranimals;
5Forthepurposes ofthisArticle, theterms "inventive step" and"capable ofindustrial application" maybedeemed by
aMember tobesynonymous withtheterms "non-obvious" and"useful" respectively.Page332
(b) plants andanimals other thanmicro-organisms, andessentially biological processes
fortheproduction ofplants oranimals other thannon-biological andmicrobiological
processes. However, Members shallprovide fortheprotection ofplantvarieties either
bypatents orbyaneffective suigeneris system orbyanycombination thereof. The
provisions ofthissubparagraph shallbereviewed fouryears afterthedateofentry
intoforce oftheWTO Agreement.
Article 28
Rights Conferred
1. Apatent shallconfer onitsowner thefollowing exclusive rights:
(a) where thesubject matter ofapatent isaproduct, toprevent thirdparties nothaving
theowner ’sconsent from theactsof:making, using, offering forsale,selling, or
importing6forthese purposes thatproduct;
(b) where thesubject matter ofapatent isaprocess, toprevent thirdparties nothaving
theowner ’sconsent from theactofusing theprocess, andfrom theactsof:using,
offering forsale,selling, orimporting forthese purposes atleasttheproduct obtained
directly bythatprocess.
2. Patent owners shallalsohavetherighttoassign, ortransfer bysuccession, thepatent andto
conclude licensing contracts.
Article 29
Conditions onPatent Applicants
1. Members shallrequire thatanapplicant forapatent shalldisclose theinvention inamanner
sufficiently clear andcomplete fortheinvention tobecarried outbyaperson skilled intheartand
mayrequire theapplicant toindicate thebestmode forcarrying outtheinvention known totheinventor
atthefiling dateor,where priority isclaimed, atthepriority dateoftheapplication.
2. Members mayrequire anapplicant forapatent toprovide information concerning theapplicant ’s
corresponding foreign applications andgrants.
Article 30
Exceptions toRights Conferred
Members mayprovide limited exceptions totheexclusive rights conferred byapatent, provided
thatsuchexceptions donotunreasonably conflict withanormal exploitation ofthepatent anddonot
unreasonably prejudice thelegitimate interests ofthepatent owner, taking account ofthelegitimate
interests ofthirdparties.
6Thisright, likeallother rights conferred under thisAgreement inrespect oftheuse,sale,importation orother distribution
ofgoods, issubject totheprovisions ofArticle 6.Page333
Article 31
Other UseWithout Authorization oftheRight Holder
Where thelawofaMember allows forother use7ofthesubject matter ofapatent without
theauthorization oftherightholder, including usebythegovernment orthirdparties authorized by
thegovernment, thefollowing provisions shallberespected:
(a) authorization ofsuchuseshallbeconsidered onitsindividual merits;
(b) suchusemayonlybepermitted if,priortosuchuse,theproposed userhasmade efforts
toobtain authorization from theright holder onreasonable commercial terms and
conditions andthatsuchefforts havenotbeensuccessful within areasonable period
oftime. Thisrequirement maybewaived byaMember inthecaseofanational
emergency orother circumstances ofextreme urgency orincases ofpublic non-
commercial use.Insituations ofnational emergency orothercircumstances ofextreme
urgency, theright holder shall, nevertheless, benotified assoon asreasonably
practicable. Inthecaseofpublic non-commercial use,where thegovernment or
contractor, without making apatent search, knows orhasdemonstrable grounds to
know thatavalid patent isorwillbeusedbyorforthegovernment, therightholder
shallbeinformed promptly;
(c) thescope andduration ofsuchuseshallbelimited tothepurpose forwhich itwas
authorized, andinthecaseofsemi-conductor technology shallonlybeforpublic non-
commercial useortoremedy apractice determined afterjudicial oradministrative
process tobeanti-competitive;
(d) suchuseshallbenon-exclusive;
(e) suchuseshallbenon-assignable, except withthatpartoftheenterprise orgoodwill
which enjoys suchuse;
(f) anysuchuseshallbeauthorized predominantly forthesupply ofthedomestic market
oftheMember authorizing suchuse;
(g) authorization forsuchuseshallbeliable, subject toadequate protection ofthelegitimate
interests ofthepersons soauthorized, tobeterminated ifandwhen thecircumstances
which ledtoitcease toexistandareunlikely torecur. Thecompetent authority shall
havetheauthority toreview, uponmotivated request, thecontinued existence ofthese
circumstances;
(h) therightholder shallbepaidadequate remuneration inthecircumstances ofeachcase,
taking intoaccount theeconomic value oftheauthorization;
(i) thelegalvalidity ofanydecision relating totheauthorization ofsuchuseshallbesubject
tojudicial review orother independent review byadistinct higher authority inthat
Member;
7"Other use"refers touseother thanthatallowed under Article 30.Page334
(j) anydecision relating totheremuneration provided inrespect ofsuchuseshallbesubject
tojudicial review orother independent review byadistinct higher authority inthat
Member;
(k) Members arenotobliged toapply theconditions setforthinsubparagraphs (b)and(f)
where such useispermitted toremedy apractice determined after judicial or
administrative process tobeanti-competitive. Theneedtocorrect anti-competitive
practices maybetaken intoaccount indetermining theamount ofremuneration insuch
cases. Competent authorities shall have theauthority torefuse termination of
authorization ifandwhen theconditions which ledtosuchauthorization arelikely to
recur;
(l) where suchuseisauthorized topermit theexploitation ofapatent ("thesecond patent")
which cannot beexploited without infringing another patent ("the firstpatent"), the
following additional conditions shallapply:
(i) theinvention claimed inthesecond patent shallinvolve animportant technical
advance ofconsiderable economic significance inrelation totheinvention
claimed inthefirstpatent;
(ii) theowner ofthefirstpatent shallbeentitled toacross-licence onreasonable
terms tousetheinvention claimed inthesecond patent; and
(iii) theuseauthorized inrespect ofthefirstpatent shallbenon-assignable except
withtheassignment ofthesecond patent.
Article 32
Revocation/Forfeiture
Anopportunity forjudicial review ofanydecision torevoke orforfeit apatent shallbeavailable.
Article 33
Term ofProtection
Thetermofprotection available shallnotendbefore theexpiration ofaperiod oftwenty years
counted from thefiling date.8
8Itisunderstood thatthose Members which donothaveasystem oforiginal grant mayprovide thatthetermofprotection
shall becomputed from thefiling dateinthesystem oforiginal grant.Page335
Article 34
Process Patents: Burden ofProof
1. Forthepurposes ofcivilproceedings inrespect oftheinfringement oftherights oftheowner
referred toinparagraph 1(b)ofArticle 28,ifthesubject matter ofapatent isaprocess forobtaining
aproduct, thejudicial authorities shallhavetheauthority toorder thedefendant toprove thattheprocess
toobtain anidentical product isdifferent fromthepatented process. Therefore, Members shallprovide,
inatleastoneofthefollowing circumstances, thatanyidentical product when produced without the
consent ofthepatent owner shall, intheabsence ofproof tothecontrary, bedeemed tohavebeen
obtained bythepatented process:
(a) iftheproduct obtained bythepatented process isnew;
(b) ifthere isasubstantial likelihood thattheidentical product wasmade bytheprocess
andtheowner ofthepatent hasbeenunable through reasonable efforts todetermine
theprocess actually used.
2. AnyMember shallbefreetoprovide thattheburden ofproof indicated inparagraph 1shall
beonthealleged infringer onlyifthecondition referred toinsubparagraph (a)isfulfilled oronlyif
thecondition referred toinsubparagraph (b)isfulfilled.
3. Intheadduction ofproof tothecontrary, thelegitimate interests ofdefendants inprotecting
theirmanufacturing andbusiness secrets shallbetaken intoaccount.
SECTION 6:LAYOUT-DESIGNS (TOPOGRAPHIES) OFINTEGRATED CIRCUITS
Article 35
Relation totheIPICTreaty
Members agree toprovide protection tothelayout-designs (topographies) ofintegrated circuits
(referred tointhisAgreement as"layout-designs") inaccordance withArticles 2through 7(other than
paragraph 3ofArticle 6),Article 12andparagraph 3ofArticle 16oftheTreaty onIntellectual Property
inRespect ofIntegrated Circuits and,inaddition, tocomply withthefollowing provisions.
Article 36
Scope oftheProtection
Subject totheprovisions ofparagraph 1ofArticle 37,Members shallconsider unlawful the
followingactsifperformedwithouttheauthorizationoftherightholder:9importing,selling,orotherwise
distributing forcommercial purposes aprotected layout-design, anintegrated circuit inwhich aprotected
layout-design isincorporated, oranarticle incorporating suchanintegrated circuit onlyinsofaras
itcontinues tocontain anunlawfully reproduced layout-design.
9Theterm"right holder" inthisSection shallbeunderstood ashaving thesame meaning astheterm"holder oftheright"
intheIPIC Treaty.Page336
Article 37
ActsNotRequiring theAuthorization oftheRight Holder
1. Notwithstanding Article 36,noMember shallconsider unlawful theperformance ofanyof
theactsreferred tointhatArticle inrespect ofanintegrated circuit incorporating anunlawfully
reproduced layout-design oranyarticle incorporating suchanintegrated circuit where theperson
performing orordering suchactsdidnotknow andhadnoreasonable ground toknow, when acquiring
theintegrated circuit orarticle incorporating suchanintegrated circuit, thatitincorporated anunlawfully
reproduced layout-design. Members shallprovide that,afterthetimethatsuchperson hasreceived
sufficient notice thatthelayout-design wasunlawfully reproduced, thatperson mayperform anyof
theactswithrespect tothestock onhandorordered before suchtime, butshallbeliable topayto
theright holder asumequivalent toareasonable royalty suchaswould bepayable under afreely
negotiated licence inrespect ofsuchalayout-design.
2. Theconditionssetoutinsubparagraphs(a)through(k)ofArticle31shallapplymutatismutandis
intheevent ofanynon-voluntary licensing ofalayout-design orofitsusebyorforthegovernment
without theauthorization oftherightholder.
Article 38
Term ofProtection
1. InMembers requiring registration asacondition ofprotection, thetermofprotection oflayout-
designs shallnotendbefore theexpiration ofaperiod of10years counted from thedateoffiling an
application forregistration orfromthefirstcommercial exploitation wherever intheworld itoccurs.
2. InMembers notrequiring registration asacondition forprotection, layout-designs shallbe
protected foratermofnolessthan10years fromthedateofthefirstcommercial exploitation wherever
intheworld itoccurs.
3. Notwithstanding paragraphs 1and2,aMember mayprovide thatprotection shalllapse 15
years afterthecreation ofthelayout-design.
SECTION 7:PROTECTION OFUNDISCLOSED INFORMATION
Article 39
1. Inthecourse ofensuring effective protection against unfair competition asprovided in
Article 10bisoftheParis Convention (1967), Members shall protect undisclosed information in
accordance withparagraph 2anddatasubmitted togovernments orgovernmental agencies inaccordance
withparagraph 3.
2. Natural andlegalpersons shallhavethepossibility ofpreventing information lawfully within
theircontrol frombeing disclosed to,acquired by,orusedbyothers without theirconsent inamanner
contrary tohonest commercial practices10solongassuchinformation:
10Forthepurpose ofthisprovision, "amanner contrary tohonest commercial practices" shall mean atleastpractices
such asbreach ofcontract, breach ofconfidence andinducement tobreach, andincludes theacquisition ofundisclosed
information bythird parties whoknew, orwere grossly negligent infailing toknow, thatsuchpractices were involved in
theacquisition.Page337
(a) issecret inthesense thatitisnot,asabodyorintheprecise configuration andassembly
ofitscomponents, generally known among orreadily accessible topersons within the
circles thatnormally dealwiththekindofinformation inquestion;
(b) hascommercial value because itissecret; and
(c) hasbeensubject toreasonable steps under thecircumstances, bytheperson lawfully
incontrol oftheinformation, tokeepitsecret.
3. Members, when requiring, asacondition ofapproving themarketing ofpharmaceutical or
ofagricultural chemical products which utilize newchemical entities, thesubmission ofundisclosed
testorother data,theorigination ofwhich involves aconsiderable effort, shallprotect suchdataagainst
unfair commercial use.Inaddition, Members shallprotect suchdataagainst disclosure, except where
necessary toprotect thepublic, orunless steps aretaken toensure thatthedataareprotected against
unfair commercial use.
SECTION 8:CONTROL OFANTI-COMPETITIVE PRACTICES
INCONTRACTUAL LICENCES
Article 40
1. Members agree thatsome licensing practices orconditions pertaining tointellectual property
rights which restrain competition mayhaveadverse effects ontrade andmayimpede thetransfer and
dissemination oftechnology.
2. Nothing inthisAgreement shallprevent Members fromspecifying intheirlegislation licensing
practices orconditions thatmayinparticular cases constitute anabuse ofintellectual property rights
having anadverse effect oncompetition intherelevant market. Asprovided above, aMember may
adopt, consistently withtheother provisions ofthisAgreement, appropriate measures toprevent or
control suchpractices, which mayinclude forexample exclusive grantback conditions, conditions
preventing challenges tovalidity andcoercive package licensing, inthelightoftherelevant lawsand
regulations ofthatMember.
3. EachMember shallenter, uponrequest, intoconsultations withanyother Member which has
cause tobelieve thatanintellectual property rightowner thatisanational ordomiciliary oftheMember
towhich therequest forconsultations hasbeenaddressed isundertaking practices inviolation ofthe
requesting Member 'slawsandregulations onthesubject matter ofthisSection, andwhich wishes to
secure compliance withsuchlegislation, without prejudice toanyaction under thelawandtothefull
freedom ofanultimate decision ofeither Member. TheMember addressed shall accord fulland
sympathetic consideration to,andshallafford adequate opportunity for,consultations withtherequesting
Member, andshall cooperate through supply ofpublicly available non-confidential information of
relevance tothematter inquestion andofotherinformation available totheMember, subject todomestic
lawandtotheconclusion ofmutually satisfactory agreements concerning thesafeguarding ofits
confidentiality bytherequesting Member.
4. AMember whose nationals ordomiciliaries aresubject toproceedings inanother Member
concerning alleged violation ofthatother Member 'slawsandregulations onthesubject matter ofthis
Section shall, upon request, begranted anopportunity forconsultations bytheother Member under
thesame conditions asthose foreseen inparagraph 3.Page338
PART III
ENFORCEMENT OFINTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS
SECTION 1:GENERAL OBLIGATIONS
Article 41
1. Members shallensure thatenforcement procedures asspecified inthisPartareavailable under
theirlawsoastopermit effective action against anyactofinfringement ofintellectual property rights
covered bythisAgreement, including expeditious remedies toprevent infringements andremedies which
constitute adeterrent tofurther infringements. These procedures shallbeapplied insuchamanner
astoavoid thecreation ofbarriers tolegitimate tradeandtoprovide forsafeguards against theirabuse.
2. Procedures concerning theenforcement ofintellectual property rights shallbefairandequitable.
Theyshallnotbeunnecessarily complicated orcostly, orentail unreasonable time-limits orunwarranted
delays.
3. Decisions onthemerits ofacaseshallpreferably beinwriting andreasoned. They shallbe
made available atleasttotheparties totheproceeding without undue delay. Decisions onthemerits
ofacaseshallbebased onlyonevidence inrespect ofwhich parties wereoffered theopportunity to
beheard.
4. Parties toaproceeding shallhaveanopportunity forreview byajudicial authority offinal
administrative decisions and,subject tojurisdictional provisions inaMember 'slawconcerning the
importance ofacase, ofatleastthelegalaspects ofinitial judicial decisions onthemerits ofacase.
However, there shallbenoobligation toprovide anopportunity forreview ofacquittals incriminal
cases.
5. Itisunderstood thatthisPartdoesnotcreate anyobligation toputinplace ajudicial system
fortheenforcementofintellectualpropertyrightsdistinctfromthatfortheenforcementoflawingeneral,
nordoesitaffect thecapacity ofMembers toenforce theirlawingeneral. Nothing inthisPartcreates
anyobligationwithrespecttothedistributionofresourcesasbetweenenforcementofintellectualproperty
rights andtheenforcement oflawingeneral.Page339
SECTION 2:CIVIL AND ADMINISTRATIVE PROCEDURES AND REMEDIES
Article 42
FairandEquitable Procedures
Members shall make available toright holders11civiljudicial procedures concerning the
enforcement ofanyintellectual property rightcovered bythisAgreement. Defendants shallhavethe
righttowritten notice which istimely andcontains sufficient detail, including thebasisoftheclaims.
Parties shallbeallowed toberepresented byindependent legalcounsel, andprocedures shallnotimpose
overly burdensome requirements concerning mandatory personal appearances. Allparties tosuch
procedures shallbedulyentitled tosubstantiate theirclaims andtopresent allrelevant evidence. The
procedure shallprovide ameans toidentify andprotect confidential information, unless thiswould
becontrary toexisting constitutional requirements.
Article 43
Evidence
1. Thejudicialauthoritiesshallhavetheauthority,whereapartyhaspresentedreasonablyavailable
evidence sufficient tosupport itsclaims andhasspecified evidence relevant tosubstantiation ofitsclaims
which liesinthecontrol oftheopposing party, toorder thatthisevidence beproduced bytheopposing
party, subject inappropriate casestoconditions which ensure theprotection ofconfidential information.
2. Incases inwhich aparty toaproceeding voluntarily andwithout good reason refuses access
to,orotherwise doesnotprovide necessary information within areasonable period, orsignificantly
impedes aprocedure relating toanenforcement action, aMember mayaccord judicial authorities the
authority tomake preliminary andfinaldeterminations, affirmative ornegative, onthebasis ofthe
information presented tothem, including thecomplaint ortheallegation presented bythepartyadversely
affected bythedenial ofaccess toinformation, subject toproviding theparties anopportunity tobe
heard ontheallegations orevidence.
Article 44
Injunctions
1. Thejudicial authorities shallhavetheauthority toorder aparty todesist fromaninfringement,
interaliatoprevent theentry intothechannels ofcommerce intheirjurisdiction ofimported goods
thatinvolve theinfringement ofanintellectual property right, immediately aftercustoms clearance
ofsuchgoods. Members arenotobliged toaccord suchauthority inrespect ofprotected subject matter
acquired orordered byaperson prior toknowing orhaving reasonable grounds toknow thatdealing
insuchsubject matter would entail theinfringement ofanintellectual property right.
2. Notwithstanding theother provisions ofthisPartandprovided thattheprovisions ofPartII
specifically addressing usebygovernments, orbythirdparties authorized byagovernment, without
theauthorization oftheright holder arecomplied with, Members maylimittheremedies available
against suchusetopayment ofremuneration inaccordance withsubparagraph (h)ofArticle 31.In
11Forthepurpose ofthisPart, theterm"right holder" includes federations andassociations having legalstanding toassert
such rights.Page340
other cases, theremedies under thisPartshallapply or,where these remedies areinconsistent with
aMember 'slaw,declaratory judgments andadequate compensation shallbeavailable.
Article 45
Damages
1. Thejudicial authorities shallhavetheauthority toorder theinfringer topaytherightholder
damages adequate tocompensate fortheinjury therightholder hassuffered because ofaninfringement
ofthatperson ’sintellectual property rightbyaninfringer whoknowingly, orwithreasonable grounds
toknow, engaged ininfringing activity.
2. Thejudicial authorities shallalsohavetheauthority toorder theinfringer topaytherightholder
expenses, which mayinclude appropriate attorney 'sfees.Inappropriate cases, Members mayauthorize
thejudicial authorities toorder recovery ofprofits and/or payment ofpre-established damages even
wheretheinfringerdidnotknowingly,orwithreasonablegroundstoknow,engageininfringingactivity.
Article 46
Other Remedies
Inorder tocreate aneffective deterrent toinfringement, thejudicial authorities shallhavethe
authority toorder thatgoods thattheyhavefound tobeinfringing be,without compensation ofany
sort,disposed ofoutside thechannels ofcommerce insuchamanner astoavoid anyharm caused to
therightholder, or,unless thiswould becontrary toexisting constitutional requirements, destroyed.
Thejudicial authorities shall alsohave theauthority toorder thatmaterials andimplements the
predominant useofwhich hasbeeninthecreation oftheinfringing goods be,without compensation
ofanysort,disposed ofoutside thechannels ofcommerce insuchamanner astominimize therisks
offurther infringements. Inconsidering suchrequests, theneed forproportionality between the
seriousness oftheinfringement andtheremedies ordered aswellastheinterests ofthirdparties shall
betaken intoaccount. Inregard tocounterfeit trademark goods, thesimple removal ofthetrademark
unlawfully affixed shallnotbesufficient, other thaninexceptional cases, topermit release ofthegoods
intothechannels ofcommerce.
Article 47
Right ofInformation
Members mayprovide thatthejudicial authorities shallhavetheauthority, unless thiswould
beoutofproportion totheseriousness oftheinfringement, toorder theinfringer toinform theright
holder oftheidentity ofthirdpersons involved intheproduction anddistribution oftheinfringing goods
orservices andoftheirchannels ofdistribution.Page341
Article 48
Indemnification oftheDefendant
1. Thejudicial authorities shallhavetheauthority toorder aparty atwhose request measures
were taken andwhohasabused enforcement procedures toprovide toaparty wrongfully enjoined
orrestrained adequate compensation fortheinjury suffered because ofsuchabuse. Thejudicial
authorities shallalsohavetheauthority toorder theapplicant topaythedefendant expenses, which
mayinclude appropriate attorney 'sfees.
2. Inrespect oftheadministration ofanylawpertaining totheprotection orenforcement of
intellectualpropertyrights,Membersshallonlyexemptbothpublicauthoritiesandofficialsfromliability
toappropriate remedial measures where actions aretaken orintended ingood faithinthecourse of
theadministration ofthatlaw.
Article 49
Administrative Procedures
Totheextent thatanycivilremedy canbeordered asaresult ofadministrative procedures
onthemerits ofacase, suchprocedures shallconform toprinciples equivalent insubstance tothose
setforth inthisSection.
SECTION 3:PROVISIONAL MEASURES
Article 50
1. Thejudicial authorities shall havetheauthority toorder prompt andeffective provisional
measures:
(a) toprevent aninfringement ofanyintellectual property rightfrom occurring, andin
particular toprevent theentry intothechannels ofcommerce intheirjurisdiction of
goods, including imported goods immediately aftercustoms clearance;
(b) topreserve relevant evidence inregard tothealleged infringement.
2. Thejudicial authorities shallhavetheauthority toadopt provisional measures inaudita altera
parte where appropriate, inparticular where anydelay islikely tocause irreparable harm totheright
holder, orwhere there isademonstrable riskofevidence being destroyed.
3. Thejudicialauthoritiesshallhavetheauthoritytorequiretheapplicanttoprovideanyreasonably
available evidence inorder tosatisfy themselves withasufficient degree ofcertainty thattheapplicant
istherightholder andthattheapplicant ’srightisbeing infringed orthatsuchinfringement isimminent,
andtoorder theapplicant toprovide asecurity orequivalent assurance sufficient toprotect thedefendant
andtoprevent abuse.
4. Where provisional measures havebeenadopted inaudita altera parte,theparties affected shall
begiven notice, without delay aftertheexecution ofthemeasures atthelatest. Areview, including
arighttobeheard, shalltakeplace upon request ofthedefendant withaviewtodeciding, within aPage342
reasonable period afterthenotification ofthemeasures, whether these measures shallbemodified,
revoked orconfirmed.
5. Theapplicant mayberequired tosupply other information necessary fortheidentification of
thegoods concerned bytheauthority thatwillexecute theprovisional measures.
6. Without prejudice toparagraph 4,provisional measures taken onthebasis ofparagraphs 1
and2shall, uponrequest bythedefendant, berevoked orotherwise cease tohaveeffect, ifproceedings
leading toadecision onthemerits ofthecasearenotinitiated within areasonable period, tobe
determined bythejudicial authority ordering themeasures where aMember 'slawsopermits or,in
theabsence ofsuchadetermination, nottoexceed 20working daysor31calendar days, whichever
isthelonger.
7. Where theprovisional measures arerevoked orwhere theylapse duetoanyactoromission
bytheapplicant, orwhere itissubsequently found thatthere hasbeennoinfringement orthreat of
infringement ofanintellectual property right, thejudicial authorities shallhavetheauthority toorder
theapplicant, upon request ofthedefendant, toprovide thedefendant appropriate compensation for
anyinjury caused bythese measures.
8. Totheextent thatanyprovisional measure canbeordered asaresult ofadministrative
procedures, suchprocedures shallconform toprinciples equivalent insubstance tothose setforthin
thisSection.
SECTION 4:SPECIAL REQUIREMENTS RELATED TOBORDER MEASURES12
Article 51
Suspension ofRelease byCustoms Authorities
Members shall, inconformity withtheprovisions setoutbelow, adopt procedures13toenable
arightholder, whohasvalid grounds forsuspecting thattheimportation ofcounterfeit trademark or
pirated copyright goods14maytakeplace, tolodge anapplication inwriting withcompetent authorities,
administrative orjudicial, forthesuspension bythecustoms authorities oftherelease intofreecirculation
ofsuchgoods. Members mayenable suchanapplication tobemade inrespect ofgoods which involve
other infringements ofintellectual property rights, provided thattherequirements ofthisSection are
12WhereaMemberhasdismantledsubstantiallyallcontrolsovermovementofgoodsacrossitsborderwithanotherMember
withwhich itforms partofacustoms union, itshall notberequired toapply theprovisions ofthisSection atthatborder.
13Itisunderstood thatthere shall benoobligation toapply suchprocedures toimports ofgoods putonthemarket in
another country byorwiththeconsent oftheright holder, ortogoods intransit.
14Forthepurposes ofthisAgreement:
(a) "counterfeit trademark goods" shallmean anygoods, including packaging, bearing without authorization
atrademark which isidentical tothetrademark validly registered inrespect ofsuch goods, orwhich
cannot bedistinguished initsessential aspects from suchatrademark, andwhich thereby infringes the
rights oftheowner ofthetrademark inquestion under thelawofthecountry ofimportation;
(b) "pirated copyright goods" shallmean anygoods which arecopies made without theconsent oftheright
holder orperson dulyauthorized bytheright holder inthecountry ofproduction andwhich aremade
directly orindirectly fromanarticle where themaking ofthatcopywould haveconstituted aninfringement
ofacopyright orarelated right under thelawofthecountry ofimportation.Page343
met.Membersmayalsoprovideforcorrespondingproceduresconcerningthesuspensionbythecustoms
authorities oftherelease ofinfringing goods destined forexportation from theirterritories.
Article 52
Application
Anyrightholder initiating theprocedures under Article 51shallberequired toprovide adequate
evidence tosatisfy thecompetent authorities that,under thelawsofthecountry ofimportation, there
isprima facieaninfringement oftherightholder ’sintellectual property rightandtosupply asufficiently
detailed description ofthegoods tomake them readily recognizable bythecustoms authorities. The
competent authorities shallinform theapplicant within areasonable period whether theyhaveaccepted
theapplication and,where determined bythecompetent authorities, theperiod forwhich thecustoms
authorities willtakeaction.
Article 53
Security orEquivalent Assurance
1. Thecompetent authorities shallhavetheauthority torequire anapplicant toprovide asecurity
orequivalent assurance sufficient toprotect thedefendant andthecompetent authorities andtoprevent
abuse. Suchsecurity orequivalent assurance shallnotunreasonably deterrecourse totheseprocedures.
2. Where pursuant toanapplication under thisSection therelease ofgoods involving industrial
designs, patents, layout-designs orundisclosed information intofreecirculation hasbeensuspended
bycustoms authorities onthebasisofadecision other thanbyajudicial orother independent authority,
andtheperiod provided forinArticle 55hasexpired without thegranting ofprovisional relief bythe
dulyempowered authority, andprovided thatallother conditions forimportation havebeencomplied
with, theowner, importer, orconsignee ofsuchgoods shallbeentitled totheirrelease ontheposting
ofasecurity inanamount sufficient toprotect therightholder foranyinfringement. Payment ofsuch
security shallnotprejudice anyother remedy available totheright holder, itbeing understood that
thesecurity shallbereleased iftherightholder failstopursue therightofaction within areasonable
period oftime.
Article 54
Notice ofSuspension
Theimporter andtheapplicant shallbepromptly notified ofthesuspension oftherelease of
goods according toArticle 51.Page344
Article 55
Duration ofSuspension
If,within aperiod notexceeding 10working daysaftertheapplicant hasbeenserved notice
ofthesuspension, thecustoms authorities havenotbeeninformed thatproceedings leading toadecision
onthemerits ofthecasehavebeeninitiated byaparty other thanthedefendant, orthattheduly
empowered authority hastaken provisional measures prolonging thesuspension oftherelease ofthe
goods, thegoods shallbereleased, provided thatallother conditions forimportation orexportation
havebeencomplied with; inappropriate cases, thistime-limit maybeextended byanother 10working
days. Ifproceedings leading toadecision onthemerits ofthecasehavebeeninitiated, areview,
including arighttobeheard, shalltakeplace upon request ofthedefendant withaviewtodeciding,
within areasonable period, whether these measures shall bemodified, revoked orconfirmed.
Notwithstanding theabove, where thesuspension oftherelease ofgoods iscarried outorcontinued
inaccordance withaprovisional judicial measure, theprovisions ofparagraph 6ofArticle 50shall
apply.
Article 56
Indemnification oftheImporter
andoftheOwner oftheGoods
Relevant authorities shallhavetheauthority toorder theapplicant topaytheimporter, the
consignee andtheowner ofthegoods appropriate compensation foranyinjury caused tothemthrough
thewrongful detention ofgoods orthrough thedetention ofgoods released pursuant toArticle 55.
Article 57
Right ofInspection andInformation
Without prejudice totheprotection ofconfidential information, Members shallprovide the
competent authorities theauthority togivetherightholder sufficient opportunity tohaveanygoods
detained bythecustoms authorities inspected inorder tosubstantiate therightholder ’sclaims. The
competent authorities shallalsohaveauthority togivetheimporter anequivalent opportunity tohave
anysuchgoods inspected. Where apositive determination hasbeenmade onthemerits ofacase,
Members mayprovide thecompetent authorities theauthority toinform therightholder ofthenames
andaddresses oftheconsignor, theimporter andtheconsignee andofthequantity ofthegoods in
question.
Article 58
ExOfficio Action
Where Members require competent authorities toactupontheirowninitiative andtosuspend
therelease ofgoods inrespect ofwhich theyhaveacquired prima facieevidence thatanintellectual
property rightisbeing infringed:
(a) thecompetent authorities mayatanytimeseekfromtherightholder anyinformation
thatmayassist them toexercise these powers;Page345
(b) theimporter andtherightholder shallbepromptly notified ofthesuspension. Where
theimporter haslodged anappeal against thesuspension withthecompetent authorities,
thesuspension shallbesubject totheconditions, mutatis mutandis ,setoutatArticle 55;
(c) Members shall onlyexempt bothpublic authorities andofficials from liability to
appropriate remedial measures where actions aretaken orintended ingood faith.
Article 59
Remedies
Without prejudice toother rights ofaction open totheright holder andsubject totheright
ofthedefendant toseekreview byajudicial authority, competent authorities shallhavetheauthority
toorder thedestruction ordisposal ofinfringing goods inaccordance withtheprinciples setoutin
Article 46.Inregard tocounterfeit trademark goods, theauthorities shallnotallow there-exportation
oftheinfringing goods inanunaltered stateorsubject them toadifferent customs procedure, other
thaninexceptional circumstances.
Article 60
DeMinimis Imports
Members mayexclude fromtheapplication oftheabove provisions small quantities ofgoods
ofanon-commercial nature contained intravellers 'personal luggage orsentinsmall consignments.
SECTION 5:CRIMINAL PROCEDURES
Article 61
Members shallprovide forcriminal procedures andpenalties tobeapplied atleastincases
ofwilful trademark counterfeiting orcopyright piracy onacommercial scale. Remedies available shall
include imprisonment and/or monetary fines sufficient toprovide adeterrent, consistently withthe
levelofpenalties applied forcrimes ofacorresponding gravity. Inappropriate cases, remedies available
shallalsoinclude theseizure, forfeiture anddestruction oftheinfringing goods andofanymaterials
andimplements thepredominant useofwhich hasbeeninthecommission oftheoffence. Members
mayprovide forcriminal procedures andpenalties tobeapplied inother cases ofinfringement of
intellectual property rights, inparticular where theyarecommitted wilfully andonacommercial scale.Page346
PART IV
ACQUISITION AND MAINTENANCE OFINTELLECTUAL PROPERTY
RIGHTS AND RELATED INTER-PARTES PROCEDURES
Article 62
1. Membersmayrequire,asaconditionoftheacquisitionormaintenanceoftheintellectualproperty
rights provided forunder Sections 2through 6ofPartII,compliance withreasonable procedures and
formalities. Suchprocedures andformalities shallbeconsistent withtheprovisions ofthisAgreement.
2. Where theacquisition ofanintellectual property rightissubject totherightbeing granted or
registered, Members shallensure thattheprocedures forgrant orregistration, subject tocompliance
withthesubstantive conditions foracquisition oftheright, permit thegranting orregistration ofthe
right within areasonable period oftimesoastoavoid unwarranted curtailment oftheperiod of
protection.
3. Article 4oftheParis Convention (1967) shallapply mutatis mutandis toservice marks.
4. Procedures concerning theacquisition ormaintenance ofintellectual property rights and,where
aMember 'slawprovides forsuchprocedures, administrative revocation andinterpartes procedures
suchasopposition, revocation andcancellation, shallbegoverned bythegeneral principles setout
inparagraphs 2and3ofArticle 41.
5. Final administrative decisions inanyoftheprocedures referred tounder paragraph 4shall
besubject toreview byajudicial orquasi-judicial authority. However, there shallbenoobligation
toprovide anopportunity forsuch review ofdecisions incases ofunsuccessful opposition or
administrativerevocation,providedthatthegroundsforsuchprocedurescanbethesubjectofinvalidation
procedures.
PART V
DISPUTE PREVENTION AND SETTLEMENT
Article 63
Transparency
1. Laws andregulations, andfinal judicial decisions andadministrative rulings ofgeneral
application, made effective byaMember pertaining tothesubject matter ofthisAgreement (the
availability, scope, acquisition, enforcement andprevention oftheabuse ofintellectual property rights)
shallbepublished, orwhere suchpublication isnotpracticable made publicly available, inanational
language, insuchamanner astoenable governments andright holders tobecome acquainted with
them. Agreements concerning thesubject matter ofthisAgreement which areinforce between the
government oragovernmental agency ofaMember andthegovernment oragovernmental agency
ofanother Member shallalsobepublished.
2. Members shallnotify thelawsandregulations referred toinparagraph 1totheCouncil for
TRIPS inorder toassist thatCouncil initsreview oftheoperation ofthisAgreement. TheCouncil
shallattempt tominimize theburden onMembers incarrying outthisobligation andmaydecide toPage347
waive theobligation tonotify suchlawsandregulations directly totheCouncil ifconsultations with
WIPO ontheestablishment ofacommon register containing theselawsandregulations aresuccessful.
TheCouncil shallalsoconsider inthisconnection anyaction required regarding notifications pursuant
totheobligations under thisAgreement stemming from theprovisions ofArticle 6teroftheParis
Convention (1967).
3. EachMembershallbepreparedtosupply,inresponsetoawrittenrequestfromanotherMember,
information ofthesortreferred toinparagraph 1.AMember, having reason tobelieve thataspecific
judicial decision oradministrative ruling orbilateral agreement intheareaofintellectual property rights
affects itsrights under thisAgreement, mayalsorequest inwriting tobegiven access toorbeinformed
insufficient detail ofsuchspecific judicial decisions oradministrative rulings orbilateral agreements.
4. Nothing inparagraphs 1,2and3shallrequire Members todisclose confidential information
which would impede lawenforcement orotherwise becontrary tothepublic interest orwould prejudice
thelegitimate commercial interests ofparticular enterprises, public orprivate.
Article 64
Dispute Settlement
1. Theprovisions ofArticles XXII andXXIII ofGATT 1994 aselaborated andapplied bythe
Dispute Settlement Understanding shallapply toconsultations andthesettlement ofdisputes under
thisAgreement except asotherwise specifically provided herein.
2. Subparagraphs 1(b)and1(c)ofArticle XXIII ofGATT 1994shallnotapply tothesettlement
ofdisputes under thisAgreement foraperiod offiveyears from thedateofentry intoforce ofthe
WTO Agreement.
3. During thetimeperiod referred toinparagraph 2,theCouncil forTRIPS shallexamine the
scope andmodalities forcomplaints ofthetypeprovided forunder subparagraphs 1(b)and1(c)of
Article XXIII ofGATT 1994 made pursuant tothisAgreement, andsubmit itsrecommendations to
theMinisterial Conference forapproval. Anydecision oftheMinisterial Conference toapprove such
recommendations ortoextend theperiod inparagraph 2shallbemade onlybyconsensus, andapproved
recommendations shallbeeffective forallMembers without further formal acceptance process.
PART VI
TRANSITIONAL ARRANGEMENTS
Article 65
Transitional Arrangements
1. Subject totheprovisions ofparagraphs 2,3and4,noMember shallbeobliged toapply the
provisions ofthisAgreement before theexpiry ofageneral period ofoneyearfollowing thedateof
entry intoforce oftheWTO Agreement.
2. Adeveloping country Member isentitled todelay forafurther period offouryears thedate
ofapplication, asdefined inparagraph 1,oftheprovisions ofthisAgreement other thanArticles 3,
4and5.Page348
3. Anyother Member which isintheprocess oftransformation from acentrally-planned into
amarket, free-enterprise economy andwhich isundertaking structural reform ofitsintellectual property
system andfacing special problems inthepreparation andimplementation ofintellectual property laws
andregulations, mayalsobenefit from aperiod ofdelay asforeseen inparagraph 2.
4. Totheextent thatadeveloping country Member isobliged bythisAgreement toextend product
patent protection toareas oftechnology notsoprotectable initsterritory onthegeneral dateof
application ofthisAgreement forthatMember, asdefined inparagraph 2,itmaydelay theapplication
oftheprovisions onproduct patents ofSection 5ofPartIItosuchareas oftechnology foranadditional
period offiveyears.
5. AMember availing itself ofatransitional period under paragraphs 1,2,3or4shallensure
thatanychanges initslaws, regulations andpractice made during thatperiod donotresult inalesser
degree ofconsistency withtheprovisions ofthisAgreement.
Article 66
Least-Developed Country Members
1. Inview ofthespecial needs andrequirements ofleast-developed country Members, their
economic, financial andadministrative constraints, andtheirneedforflexibility tocreate aviable
technological base, suchMembers shallnotberequired toapply theprovisions ofthisAgreement,
other thanArticles 3,4and5,foraperiod of10years fromthedateofapplication asdefined under
paragraph 1ofArticle 65.TheCouncil forTRIPS shall, upon dulymotivated request byaleast-
developed country Member, accord extensions ofthisperiod.
2. Developed country Members shallprovide incentives toenterprises andinstitutions intheir
territories forthepurpose ofpromoting andencouraging technology transfer toleast-developed country
Members inorder toenable them tocreate asound andviable technological base.
Article 67
Technical Cooperation
Inorder tofacilitate theimplementation ofthisAgreement, developed country Members shall
provide, onrequest andonmutually agreed terms andconditions, technical andfinancial cooperation
infavour ofdeveloping andleast-developed country Members. Suchcooperation shallinclude assistance
inthepreparation oflawsandregulations ontheprotection andenforcement ofintellectual property
rights aswellasontheprevention oftheirabuse, andshallinclude support regarding theestablishment
orreinforcement ofdomestic offices andagencies relevant tothese matters, including thetraining of
personnel.Page349
PART VII
INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS; FINAL PROVISIONS
Article 68
Council forTrade-Related Aspects of
Intellectual Property Rights
TheCouncil forTRIPS shall monitor theoperation ofthisAgreement and,inparticular,
Members 'compliance withtheirobligations hereunder, andshallafford Members theopportunity of
consulting onmatters relating tothetrade-related aspects ofintellectual property rights. Itshallcarry
outsuchother responsibilities asassigned toitbytheMembers, anditshall, inparticular, provide
anyassistance requested bythem inthecontext ofdispute settlement procedures. Incarrying outits
functions, theCouncil forTRIPS mayconsult withandseekinformation from anysource itdeems
appropriate. Inconsultation withWIPO, theCouncil shallseektoestablish, within oneyearofits
firstmeeting, appropriate arrangements forcooperation withbodies ofthatOrganization.
Article 69
International Cooperation
Members agree tocooperate witheachother withaviewtoeliminating international trade in
goods infringing intellectual property rights. Forthispurpose, theyshallestablish andnotify contact
points intheiradministrations andbeready toexchange information ontrade ininfringing goods.
They shall, inparticular, promote theexchange ofinformation andcooperation between customs
authorities withregard totrade incounterfeit trademark goods andpirated copyright goods.
Article 70
Protection ofExisting Subject Matter
1. ThisAgreement doesnotgiverisetoobligations inrespect ofactswhich occurred before the
dateofapplication oftheAgreement fortheMember inquestion.
2. Except asotherwise provided forinthisAgreement, thisAgreement gives risetoobligations
inrespect ofallsubject matter existing atthedateofapplication ofthisAgreement fortheMember
inquestion, andwhich isprotected inthatMember onthesaiddate, orwhich meets orcomes
subsequently tomeetthecriteria forprotection under theterms ofthisAgreement. Inrespect ofthis
paragraph andparagraphs 3and4,copyright obligations withrespect toexisting works shallbesolely
determined under Article 18oftheBerne Convention (1971), andobligations withrespect totherights
ofproducers ofphonograms andperformers inexisting phonograms shallbedetermined solely under
Article 18oftheBerne Convention (1971) asmade applicable under paragraph 6ofArticle 14ofthis
Agreement.
3. There shall benoobligation torestore protection tosubject matter which onthedateof
application ofthisAgreement fortheMember inquestion hasfallen intothepublic domain.
4. Inrespect ofanyactsinrespect ofspecific objects embodying protected subject matter which
become infringing under theterms oflegislation inconformity withthisAgreement, andwhich werePage350
commenced, orinrespect ofwhich asignificant investment wasmade, before thedateofacceptance
oftheWTO Agreement bythatMember, anyMember mayprovide foralimitation oftheremedies
available totherightholder astothecontinued performance ofsuchactsafterthedateofapplication
ofthisAgreement forthatMember. Insuchcases theMember shall, however, atleastprovide for
thepayment ofequitable remuneration.
5. AMember isnotobliged toapply theprovisions ofArticle 11andofparagraph 4ofArticle 14
withrespect tooriginals orcopies purchased prior tothedateofapplication ofthisAgreement for
thatMember.
6. Members shall notberequired toapply Article 31,ortherequirement inparagraph 1of
Article 27thatpatent rights shallbeenjoyable without discrimination astothefieldoftechnology,
tousewithout theauthorization oftherightholder where authorization forsuchusewasgranted by
thegovernment before thedatethisAgreement became known.
7. Inthecaseofintellectual property rights forwhich protection isconditional uponregistration,
applicationsforprotectionwhicharependingonthedateofapplicationofthisAgreementfortheMember
inquestion shallbepermitted tobeamended toclaim anyenhanced protection provided under the
provisions ofthisAgreement. Such amendments shallnotinclude newmatter.
8. Where aMember doesnotmake available asofthedateofentry intoforce oftheWTO
Agreement patent protection forpharmaceutical andagricultural chemical products commensurate with
itsobligations under Article 27,thatMember shall:
(a) notwithstanding theprovisions ofPartVI,provide asfromthedateofentry intoforce
oftheWTO Agreement ameans bywhich applications forpatents forsuchinventions
canbefiled;
(b) apply totheseapplications, asofthedateofapplication ofthisAgreement, thecriteria
forpatentability aslaiddown inthisAgreement asifthose criteria werebeing applied
onthedateoffiling inthatMember or,where priority isavailable andclaimed, the
priority dateoftheapplication; and
(c) provide patent protection inaccordance withthisAgreement asfromthegrant ofthe
patent andfortheremainder ofthepatent term, counted from thefiling datein
accordance withArticle 33ofthisAgreement, forthose oftheseapplications thatmeet
thecriteria forprotection referred toinsubparagraph (b).
9. Where aproduct isthesubject ofapatent application inaMember inaccordance with
paragraph 8(a),exclusive marketing rights shallbegranted, notwithstanding theprovisions ofPartVI,
foraperiod offiveyears afterobtaining marketing approval inthatMember oruntilaproduct patent
isgranted orrejected inthatMember, whichever period isshorter, provided that,subsequent tothe
entry intoforce oftheWTO Agreement, apatent application hasbeenfiledandapatent granted for
thatproduct inanother Member andmarketing approval obtained insuchother Member.
Article 71
Review andAmendment
1. TheCouncil forTRIPS shallreview theimplementation ofthisAgreement aftertheexpiration
ofthetransitional period referred toinparagraph 2ofArticle 65.TheCouncil shall, having regard
totheexperience gained initsimplementation, review ittwoyears afterthatdate, andatidenticalPage351
intervals thereafter. TheCouncil mayalsoundertake reviews inthelight ofanyrelevant new
developments which might warrant modification oramendment ofthisAgreement.
2. Amendmentsmerelyservingthepurposeofadjustingtohigherlevelsofprotectionofintellectual
property rights achieved, andinforce, inother multilateral agreements andaccepted under those
agreements byallMembers oftheWTO maybereferred totheMinisterial Conference foraction in
accordance withparagraph 6ofArticle XoftheWTO Agreement onthebasisofaconsensus proposal
from theCouncil forTRIPS.
Article 72
Reservations
Reservations maynotbeentered inrespect ofanyoftheprovisions ofthisAgreement without
theconsent oftheother Members.
Article 73
Security Exceptions
Nothing inthisAgreement shallbeconstrued:
(a) torequire aMember tofurnish anyinformation thedisclosure ofwhich itconsiders
contrary toitsessential security interests; or
(b) toprevent aMember from taking anyaction which itconsiders necessary forthe
protection ofitsessential security interests;
(i) relating tofissionable materials orthematerials fromwhich theyarederived;
(ii) relating tothetraffic inarms, ammunition andimplements ofwarandtosuch
traffic inother goods andmaterials asiscarried ondirectly orindirectly for
thepurpose ofsupplying amilitary establishment;
(iii) taken intimeofwarorother emergency ininternational relations; or
(c) toprevent aMember fromtaking anyaction inpursuance ofitsobligations under the
United Nations Charter forthemaintenance ofinternational peace andsecurity.