RESTRICTED
WORLD TRADE WT/BOP/W/2
15May1995
ORGANIZATION(95-1268)
Committee onBalance-of-Payments Restrictions
1995 CONSULTATION WITH SOUTH AFRICA
UNDER THE BALANCE-OF-PAYMENTS PROVISIONS OFTHE WTO
Background Paper bytheSecretariat
I. Introduction
1. Thispaper hasbeenprepared inaccordance withparagraph 12oftheUnderstanding onthe
Balance-of-Payments Provisions oftheGeneral Agreement onTariffs andTrade 1994.1
2. Thepresent consultations stemfrom theintroduction ofa10percent import surcharge by
South Africa in1985 inorder toconserve itsforeign exchange reserves following theimposition of
trade andfinancial sanctions bytrading partners. InSeptember 1992, theUnited States, supported
byother countries, raised theissueoftheimport surcharge intheGATT Council, requesting thatSouth
AfricaupdateitsnotificationandconsultintheCommitteeonBalance-of-PaymentsRestrictions(L/7084).
Asaresult, theCommittee consulted withSouth Africa inJuly1993; South Africa wasencouraged
tophase outtheremaining import surcharges andtoprovide information onprogress bymid-1994
(BOP/R/211).2
II. Policy Developments
3. Theimport surcharge wasfirstintroduced in1985(L/5898) andthenextended tocover certain
bound items on15August 1988(L/5898/Add.1). In1990and1991, theimport surcharges of60and
20percentapplied toluxury andwhite goods were lowered to40and15percent(L/5898/Add.2
andCorr.1). Since thelastconsultations, inJune1994, the5percentsurcharge oncapital and
intermediategoodshasbeenabolished(L/5898/Add.3)andinSeptember1994,the15percentsurcharge
onmotor vehicles scrapped. Inthebudget speech delivered on15March 1995, theMinister of
Finance announced thattheimport surcharge would beabolished on1October 1995.
4. Intandem withtheintroduction ofthesurcharge, inSeptember 1985, South Africa reintroduced
the"financial rand" mechanism, thecurrency forcapital transactions bynon-residents, inorder to
shield itsreserves fromtheeffect oflarge capital outflows following thedebtstandstill. Following
suchmarket improvements asthenarrowing ofthediscount ofthefinancial randfrom thecommercial
randandthesuccessful floating ofsovereign debtinDecember 1994, South Africa abolished itsdual
currency system on13March 1995.
1Itisrecalled that,under Article XII,paragraph 5oftheGeneral Agreement onTrade inServices (GATS)
procedures forconsultations "shall bethesame astheGATT 1994 procedures".
2TheSouth African Government hasannounced thatitwillabolish thenon-resident shareholders 'tax,atax
levied onforeign individuals orcorporations controlling atleast 25percentofaSouth African company, at
thesame time asthesurcharge.WT/BOP/W/4
Page2
5. Other significant trade-related developments since thelastconsultations include (i)thetariff
commitments made intheUruguay Round, whereby South Africa hasbound approximately 98per
centofitsschedule, reducing theaverage tariff to17.8percent, (ii)therestructuring ofthesystem
ofexport subsidies formanufactured goods (GEIS) withfinalphase outduein1997, and(iii)the
revision ofitsoffer infinancial services tocover securities, reinsurance andbranch banking.
6. According toArticle XII:5 (a)oftheGeneral Agreement onTrade inServices, members shall
consult withtheCommittee onBalance-of-Payments restrictions regarding anybalance-of-payments
restrictions adopted ormaintained on"trade inservices onwhich ithasundertaken specific
commitments, including onpayments ortransfer fortransactions related tosuchcommitments". The
SouthAfricanGovernmentstatesthatitmaintainsnobalance-of-paymentsrestrictionsontradeinservices
inwhich ithasundertaken commitments.
III. Macroeconomic andTrade Developments
7. In1993, South Africa 'seconomy emerged fromasevere recession andtherecovery continued
in1994. However, thedecline inemployment hasnotyetbeenarrested. While inrecent years, fiscal
policy hasbeenexpansionary, withlargeexpenditures onsocial services, thegrowth ofthefiscal deficit
wascurtailed in1993/94. Ontheother hand, there isevidence ofarelaxation ofmonetary control
in1994, afterseveral years ofsustained andsuccessful efforts toreduce inflation.
8. Intherecent past,South Africa wasanetlender totherestoftheworld, butavailable evidence
suggests thatitranacurrent account deficit in1994. Asimports haveincreased, theperformance
ofexports hasbeensluggish, despite thetermination oftrade sanctions andthemarked riseinforeign
demand inSouth Africa 'smajor export markets. However, theincrease inbothshort-term andlong-term
capital inflows in1994 islikely toleadtoanincrease inreserves, which haddeclined significantly
inthelastfewyears.
(a) Output; Employment andPrices
9. South African GDPgrewbyalittleover1percentin1993, afterdeclining ineachoftheyears
between 1990 and1992 (Chart 1).Onthesupply sideoftheeconomy, themajor source ofgrowth
in1993wastherevival ofagricultural activity afterthe1992drought. Non-agricultural activity grew
byonly0.6percentin1993, withindustry remaining depressed. Onthedemand side, themajor
contribution togrowth in1993 came from increased investment ininventories andgrowth inpublic
consumption. Thelatest available dataindicate thatgrowth hascontinued in1994, despite fluctuating
agricultural activity. Themajor impetus hasbeenprovided bygrowth infixed investment, dueto
bothincreasedprivateinvestmentinlargeresource-basedprojectsandarecoveryinparastatalinvestment.
10. Over theperiod 1989to1993, South Africa wasanetlender totherestoftheworld, asgross
national saving exceeded gross national investment byaround 1-2percentofGNP(Table 1).Between
1989 and1992, gross national savings declined asapercentage ofGNP from 23.5percentto17.2
percent, butthenincreased slightly in1993 to17.6percentofGNP. In1992 and1993, general
government switched frombeing anetsaver toanetdissaver, while bothpersonal andcorporate savings
increased. Gross domestic investment alsodeclined asapercentage ofGNP, from22percentin1989
to16.1percentin1992 and1993. Private investment recovered in1993, afterdeclining between
1989 and1992, butpublic investment continued itsdownward trend.WT/BOP/W/4
Page3
Table 1-South Africa: Saving-Investment Balances, 1987-92
(Percentages ofGNP)
1989 1990 1991 1992 1993
Gross national saving 23.5 20.4 19.5 17.2 17.6
Personal 5.6 4.2 4.5 5.8 6.5
Corporate 16.3 15.0 14.6 15.2 15.5
General government 1.6 1.2 0.3 -3.8 -4.3
Gross domestic investment122.0 18.4 17.4 16.1 16.1
Private 13.9 12.3 11.5 10.8 11.5
Public28.0 6.1 5.9 5.2 4.5
External savings -1.5 -2.0 -2.1 -1.2 -1.6
1Including inventories.
2Gross investment ofpublic authorities andcorporations.
Source: IMF.
11. There hasbeenalarge decline inemployment inthelastfewyears. Between 1988 and1993,
employment inthegoldmining sector declined by30percent, while thatinmanufacturing fellby
10percent. Overall, non-agricultural employment fellovertheperiod by6.7percent. Recent data
indicate thatthedecline inoverall employment continued in1994. Thenotable feature oflabour market
developments inthe1990s isthatunitlabour costs relative toexport prices orwholesale prices ofWT/BOP/W/4
Page4
manufacturers rosesharply despite theseverity oftherecession andrising unemployment. Thissuggests
thatdespite cyclical pressures, labour market rigidities were amajor factor explaining rising
unemployment evenbefore therecent recovery ineconomic activity.
12. Inflation, asmeasured byconsumer prices (endofperiod), declined tolessthan10percent
in1992, from alevelclose to15percentintheprevious three years (Chart 2).In1993, there was
aslight increase ininflation, attributable toa4percentage point increase intherateofvalue-added
tax(VAT). Inflation declined to7percentintheearlypartof1994, butroseto10percentbyyear-end,
reflecting food price inflation, thedepreciation oftherandinthefirsthalfoftheyear, andan
accommodating monetary policy.
(b) Public Finance
13. Thefiscal deficit (including extraordinary revenue) rosefrom lessthan1percentofGDP in
1989/90 to8.3percentin1992/93, duetobothcyclical (i.e.therecession) andstructural factors
(Table 2).There wasanimprovement inthefiscal position in1993/94, withthedeficit declining to
6.9percent.
14. Central Government revenue (including extraordinary revenue) declined from26.8percentof
GDP in1989/90 tojustover24percentin1993/94, asincome taxes andcustoms andexcise duties
fellasapercentage ofGDP. Thereplacement, in1991, ofthegeneral salestaxwithaVAT atthe
rateof10percentinitially caused afallinrevenue, which wasreversed when theVAT ratewas
increased to14percentinthe1993/94 budget. Extraordinary revenue hasfluctuated, reflecting
privatization revenue of1percentofGDP in1989/90 and,inmore recent years, theproceeds from
salesofstrategic oilreserves.WT/BOP/W/4
Page5
15. Central Government expenditure increased form 27.4percentofGDP in1989/90 to31.1per
centin1993/94. Theincrease inexpenditure isattributable toanincrease ininterest payments, and
higher spending oneducation, health, welfare andother social services. Spending onsocial service
increased bysome 4.5percentage points ofGDP overtheperiod.
16. TheCentral Government 'sdebt-GDP ratiorosefrom38.1percentatthebeginning of1989/90
to52.5percentattheendof1993/94.
Table 2-South Africa: Central Government Finances, 1989/90-1993/941
(Inpercentage ofGDP)
1989/90 1990/91 1991/92 1992/93 1993/94
Revenue 26.8 24.7 23.9 23.5 24.1
Inland Revenue 21.4 21.0 20.3 19.4 20.0
Income taxes 13.0 13.0 13.2 12.9 12.1
Sales tax/VAT 6.6 6.4 5.8 4.9 6.3
Other 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.5 1.6
Customs andExcise 4.2 3.6 3.4 3.8 3.8
Import dutyandsurcharge 1.9 1.6 1.3 1.3 1.3
Excise duty 1.1 1.2 1.2 1.3 1.3
Fuellevyandother 1.7 1.5 1.7 2.1 2.0
SACU Payments -0.5 -0.6 -0.9 -0.9 -0.8
Extraordinary revenue 1.2 0.1 0.3 0.3 0.4
Expenditure 27.4 27.2 20.3 31.8 31.1
Primary recurrent expenditure -- -- -- -- 23.7
Capital expenditure -- -- -- -- 2.1
Interest payments 4.1 4.1 4.3 4.9 5.3
Balance -0.6 -2.5 -4.4 -8.3 -6.9
1 Fiscal yearbegins April 1.
Source: IMF.
(c) Money andCredit
17. Between 1989 and1993, there wasasustained andsuccessful attempt toreduce inflation, as
theannual rateofgrowth ofbroad money fellfrom22.9percentduring 1989 to4.3percentduring
1993. In1994, themonetary stance eased, andtherateofgrowth ofbroad money increased to14.3
percent. Themain counterparts totheincrease inbroad money wereasmall decline innetforeign
assets andamarked riseincredit totheprivate sector.
(d) Exchange Rate
18. Thenominaleffectiveexchangedepreciatedby8.9percentin1993,leadingtoarealdepreciation
of2.7percentfortheyear. In1994, therealeffective exchange ratedepreciated by4percent. The
nominal exchange ratestood at0.282 U.S.dollars toarandatend-1994, compared to0.294 atend-1993.
Thefinancial rand, usedforcapital market transactions, continued tostrengthen over1993and1994,
sothatthefinancial randdiscount relative tothecurrent account randdeclined from 37percentat
theendof1992 toaround 10-15 percentinthefourth quarter of1994.WT/BOP/W/4
Page6
(e) Balance ofPayments
Current account
19. Thecurrent account surplus wasbetween 1and2percentofGDPineachoftheyears between
1989 and1993 (Chart 3,Table 3).Thesurplus increased from 1.2percentofGDP in1992 to1.5
percentofGDP in1993, butislikely tohaveturned intoadeficit in1994.
20. In1993, thestrong growth ofimports, especially ofmachinery andcapital equipment, was
matched bytheperformance ofexports, particularly duetothehigher price ofgold. Theimproved
export performance alsoreflected theendofdrought andincreased exports ofmanufactures. In1993,
import volumes increased byalmost 7percent,while thevolume ofexports ofgoods andnon-factor
services roseby6percent. Theservices account revealed asignificant increase intravel payments
andafallindividend andprofit payments tonon-residents.
21. In1994 thecurrent account shifted from asurplus toadeficit (0.5percentofGDP) forthe
firsttimesincesanctions wereimposed in1995. Thisreflected primarily asurge ininvestment-related
imports andpoorexport performance, despite strong growth inforeign demand. There hasbeena
notable weakness inexports ofdiamonds andcertain manufactured goods, aswellasasharp decline
inthevolume ofgoldexports.WT/BOP/W/4
Page7
Table 3-South Africa: Balance ofPayments, 1989-93
(Inmillions ofUSdollars)
1989 1990 1991 1992 1993
Trade balance 5,056 6,764 6,125 5,430 5,777
Exports 21,937 23,539 23,288 23,624 24,104
Netnon-gold, f.o.b. 14,638 16,515 16,194 17,187 17,299
Gold17,299 7,024 7,094 6,437 6,805
Imports, f.o.b. -16,882 -16,775 -17,163 -18,194 -18,327
Nonfactor services -262 -323 -513 -946 -1,229
Credits 3,240 3,788 3,594 3,754 3,757
Debits -3,502 -4,111 -4,108 -4,700 -4,985
Factor services -3,550 -4,455 -3,444 -3,207 -2,895
Credits 1,162 597 892 914 690
Debits -4,712 -5,052 -4,336 -4,181 -3,585
Interest -3,432 -3,705 -3,133 -2,875 -2,659
Dividends andprofits -1,112 -1,179 -1,084 -1,148 -825
Taxes -168 -167 -120 -98 -101
Transfers 78 71 73 105 131
Private 41 -33 -27 32 68
Official 37 104 100 73 64
Current account balance 1,322 2,057 2,241 1,382 1,784
Long-term capital, net -231 -39 -627 -530 -83
Private -52 -237 -1,007 -1,632 800
Public -179 197 381 1,102 -883
Short-term capital, net -808 -541 664 878 -1,555
Private -572 -557 815 892 -1,725
Public -236 17 -151 -14 169
Errors andomissions -271 -105 -818 -1,636 -2,960
Capital account balance -1,310 -685 -780 -1,288 -4,598
Change innetreserves (ona
transactions basis)212 1,373 1,461 94 -2,814
Change inliabilities
relating toreserves3518 -1,033 -371 283 2,274
SDR allocations and
valuation adjustments-454 -201 -170 114 493
Change ingross reserves 76 139 920 491 -47
1 Netforeign sales ofgoldpluschanges inthegoldholdings oftheReserve Bank andother banking institutions.
2 Gold andforeign exchange reserves oftheReserve Bank, thebanking sector, andtheCentral Government.
3 Liabilities related toreserves include allforeign short-term liabilities oftheReserve Bank andother banking
institutions andshort-term foreign loans totheCentral Government byforeign banks andauthorities.
Source: IMF
Capital Account
22. Thedeficit onthecapital account widened significantly in1993 toUS$4.6 billion, compared
toUS$1.3 billion theyearbefore. Thenetlong-term capital outflows declined formUS$530 million
in1992 toUS$83 million in1993. Thelong-term private outflows in1992 switched toinflows in
1993, buttheconverse wastrueoflong-term public capital flows, reflecting therepayment ofSouth
Africa 'sforeign debt. Whereas there hadbeenanetshort termcapital inflow ofUS$878 million in
1992, there wasanetshort termcapital outflow ofUS$1.6 billion in1993. Apartofthischange
wasattributable tomovements infinancial randdeposits. Illegal capital flight wasanimportant influenceWT/BOP/W/4
Page8
onthecapital account in1993butthere isevidence ofadiminution in1994. Capital inflows in1994
werepredominantly short-term, partly because offurther changes infinancial randdeposits, andthe
remainder represented increased short-term borrowing bySouth African banks abroad. Long-term
inflows in1994 were boosted bytheUS$750 million sovereign debtissue inDecember. Available
evidence indicates thatfor1994 asawhole, thecapital account islikely tobeinsurplus forthefirst
timesince 1984 (thecounterpart oftheexpected shiftofthecurrent account from surplus todeficit
in1994).
23. Thelargecapital account deficit in1993translated intoasignificant lossofreserves (Chart 4).
Netreserves hadfallen toUS$1.7 billion (about 1month ofimports) attheendof1993, compared
toUS$3.4 billion (about 2months ofimports) attheendof1992. In1994, netreserves initially
continued todecline, butsubsequently theaccount moved more rapidly intosurplus thanthecurrent
account moved intodeficit, leading toaprojected increase innetreserves ofoverUS$1 billion in
the1994 fiscal year.
Foreign Debt
24. Theforeign debtofSouth Africa fellsteadily inthelastfewyears, from36percentofGDP
in1986 toalittleover14percentin1993 (Chart 5).Thelevelofforeign debtattheendof1993
wasUS$16.7 billion, compared toUS$17.3 billion attheendof1992. Interest payments asapercentage
ofexports ofgoods andnon-factor services declined from nearly 11percentin1986 tolessthan7
percentin1992 and1993 (Chart 6).WT/BOP/W/4
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WT/BOP/W/4
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(f) Pattern ofTrade
25. Thissection ispartly based ontheTrade Policy Review ofSouth Africa (GATT, 1993), which
made itclearthatSouth Africa 'strade dataissubject tomany qualifications. There wasalarge share
ofunclassified trade andanabsence oftrading partner dataforseveral years. Thedatapresented in
Tables 4and5must therefore betreated withcaution, astheycome from twodifferent sources.
Commodity composition
26. In1991, over40percentofSouth Africa 'stotalexports wereunclassified, compared towell
overhalfin1987 (Table 4).Mining accounted forover21percentoftotalexports, manufactures
fornearly 35percent,andagriculture, forestry andfishing forlessthan4percent. Minerals, mainly
gold, havehistorically dominated South Africa 'smerchandise exports. Hard coalwasanimportant
export, butdiamonds werenotrecorded separately inexport data. Within manufactures, ironandsteel
products, industrial chemicals, food, non-ferrous metal products andpaper werethemostimportant
in1991. Agricultural exports included wool, sugar, maize, fruit, vegetables, andhides andskins.
Thepattern in1993asshown byU.N. datashows ahighpercentage ofmanufactured exports (possibly
because previously unclassified goods andsome items classed asmining products areincluded under
manufactures). Inother respects thestructure ofexports remains relatively unchanged.
27. In1991, around 11percentofSouth Africa 'simports were unclassified, compared toover
15percentin1987 (Table 5).Imports havebeendominated bymanufactures which accounted for
over80percentoftotalimports ineachoftheyears between 1987and1991. Over thesame period,
imports ofmining andagricultural goods werenotgreater than2percentinanyyear. Thelevelof
import dependence onmachinery andtransport equipment remained high. Over 20percentoftotal
imports in1991 consisted ofmachinery, andanother 8.6percentofelectrical machinery. Industrial
chemicals andmotor vehicles eachaccounted forover10percentoftotalimports in1991. By1993,
theshareofagricultural imports hadapparently increased possibly duetodrought. Within manufactures,
relatively littlechange hadtaken place.
Table 4-South Africa -Merchandise exports byproduct group, 1989-1991
(Share oftotalexports)
ISIC 1989 a 1990 a 1991 a 1992 b 1993 b
1 Agriculture, hunting, forestry andfishing 4.7 4.1 3.6 4.3 4.3
2 Mining andquarrying 22.2 22.4 21.3 10.9 11.7
3 Manufacturing 31.1 32.1 34.8 84.7 84.0
311/312 Food manufacturing 4.0 3.9 4.1 3.7 3.3
321 Manufacture oftextiles 1.8 1.6 1.9 2.3 1.9
33 Manufacture ofwood andwood products 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.7 1.0
341 Paper andpaper products 2.8 2.6 2.4 3.1 2.8
351 Industrial chemicals 3.6 3.2 4.0 5.1 4.7
352 Other chemical products 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.9 0.8
36 Manufacture ofnon-metallic mineral products 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.9 0.9
371 Ironandsteel 8.9 9.0 9.1 7.7 7.4
372 Non-ferrous metal 3.0 2.6 2.8 4.7 3.1
381 Fabricated metal 1.4 1.7 2.1 1.7 1.8
382 Machinery except electrical 1.5 1.6 1.8 2.3 2.6
383 Electrical machinery 0.4 0.6 0.7 0.8 1.1
3843 Manufacture ofmotor vehicles 0.7 1.1 1.4 2.9 3.1
384-384
3Professional andscientific equipment 0.2 0.5 0.4 0.9 0.9
Other manufacturing industries 1.6 2.2 2.5 46.9 48.7
Unclassified 42.0 41.4 40.3 ... ...
Source: a)National source (IDC, ISICdata); b)UNSTAT, Comtrade databaseWT/BOP/W/4
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Table 5-South Africa -imports byproducts group, 1989-1991
(Share oftotalimports)
ISIC 1989 a 1990 a 1991a 1992 b 1993 b
1 Agriculture, hunting, forestry andfishing 1.2 1.7 1.9 5.5 3.6
2 Mining andquarrying 1.7 1.7 1.4 1.2 2.7
3 Manufacturing 84.8 83.2 85.5 93.4 93.7
311/312 Food manufacturing 3.4 3.1 3.1 3.1 2.8
313 Beverages industries 0.8 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6
321 Manufacture oftextiles 3.3 3.7 4.2 3.5 3.4
323 leather 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.5
33 Manufacture ofwood andwood products 0.7 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
341 Paper andpaper products 1.6 1.9 1.9 1.8 1.9
342 Printing andpublishing 0.7 0.8 0.8 0.9 1.1
351 Industrial chemicals 10.6 10.1 10.4 9.5 10.0
352 Other chemical products 3.8 4.2 4.5 4.4 4.3
355 Rubber products 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.1 1.1
356 Plastic products 0.6 0.6 0.7 0.6 0.6
362 Glass andglass products 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5
36-362 Other non-metallic 0.7 0.9 0.8 1.0 1.0
371 Ironandsteel 1.8 1.5 1.4 1.7 1.5
372 Non-ferrous metal 0.8 0.7 0.7 0.8 0.8
381 Fabricated metal 3.5 3.8 3.4 4.9 4.7
382 Machinery except electrical 21.4 21.2 20.0 18.6 18.7
383 Electrical machinery 8.1 8.0 8.6 8.0 8.7
3843 Manufacture ofmotor vehicles 12.6 10.8 10.2 9.4 11.7
384-384
3Other transport 2.3 1.8 4.0 3.2 3.6
Other manufacturing industries 5.9 6.4 7.2 18.2 15.5
Unclassified 12.3 13.4 11.2 ... ...
Source: a)national source (IDC, ISICdata); b)UNSTAT, Comtrade database.
Regional pattern oftrade
28.South Africa 'strade datainclude alloftheSouth African Custom 'sUnion, thatis,the
imports andexports ofBotswana, Lesotho, Swaziland andNamibia (BLSN). Anadditional complication
isthatsome sources ofinformation include trade withTranskei, Boputhatswana, Venda andCiskei
(theTBVC states) asexternal trade ofSouth Africa.
29.There isevidence ofachange inthegeographical pattern ofSouth Africa 'strade between 1985
and1990 (Tables 6and7).Theimportance ofEurope, inparticular, theEC,andAsiaincreased,
while thatoftheAmericas declined. By1990, asaresult ofintensified sanctions, theshare ofSouth
Africa 'sexports totheUnited States declined to4percentfrom over8percentin1985. In1990,
Switzerland andtheUnited Kingdom were themost important markets forSouth Africa 'sexports,
while Germany andtheUnited Kingdom werethemostimportant sources ofitsimports. Exports of
coal,ironandsteeltoEurope declined, butrosetoAfrican andAsian markets. Manufactures tended
tobemore important inregional, intra-African, trade thanintotaltrade. Trade withSouth Africa
wasimportant foritsnorthern neighbours, forwhom itstransportation network provided animportant
conduit fortrade withtherestoftheworld.
30.Since 1990, however, theshare ofEurope intheexport totalhasfallen from 37to24percent
asexports toother African countries rebounded withtheremoval oftrade sanctions. Theshare of
Asiaalsocontinued toincrease.WT/BOP/W/4
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Table 6-Exports bydestination, 1980, 1985, 1990, 1992 and1993
(Percentage oftotalexports)
Partner 1980 a 1985 a 1990 a 1992 b 1993 b
Europe 25.9 25.6 37.5 27.8 24.5
EC12 (Incl. DDR) 18.5 20.3 27.2 23.8 20.6
Germany 4.1 3.5 4.9 4.8 4.4
Netherlands 1.2 3.7 5.4 2.8 2.8
United Kingdom 6.9 5.9 8.1 7.2 5.4
Switzerland 6.2 3.6 9.0 0.7 0.9
Asia 10.0 14.5 17.8 16.9 18.4
Japan 6.1 7.7 6.4 5.2 5.5
Africa 5.5 4.3 6.6 9.7 10.9
America 10.8 9.4 5.5 9.2 9.1
USA 8.3 8.2 4.0 7.3 7.2
Oceania 0.5 0.8 0.4 0.6 0.8
Source:a) Department ofTrade andIndustry; b)UNSTAT, Comtrade database.
Note: Roughly onethirdofexports arenotaccounted for,presumably theseareunclassified exports, mainly gold, diamonds
andarms.
Table 7-South Africa -Imports byorigin, 1980, 1985, 1990, 1992 and1993
(Percentage oftotalimports)
Partner 1980 a 1985 a 1990 a 1992 b 1993 b
Europe 39.6 47.9 48.9 44.5 44.8
EC12 (Incl. DDR) 34.7 41.4 45.0 40.2 40.3
United Kingdom 12.1 12.2 11.7 10.2 11.0
Germany 12.9 16.7 19.7 16.4 15.7
Switzerland 1.6 2.1 2.7 2.3 2.2
Asia 12.5 15.0 20.3 22.3 26.2
Japan 8.9 10.0 9.8 10.6 12.6
Africa 2.0 2.0 1.8 2.3 2.5
America 15.4 17.1 14.5 16.9 15.7
USA 13.5 13.9 11.4 13.7 13.3
Oceania 0.7 1.2 1.0 1.3 1.3
Source: a)Department ofTrade andIndustry. b)UNSTAT, Comtrade database.
Note: Imports byorigin donotinclude imports ofcrude petroleum, which mainly explain whythepartner shares donotaddupto100
percent.