RESTRICTED
WORLD TRADE WT/CTE/W/25
22March 1996
ORGANIZATION(96-1054)
Committee onTrade andEnvironment
ITEM 6:THE EFFECTS OFENVIRONMENTAL MEASURES ONMARKET ACCESS,
ESPECIALLY INRELATION TODEVELOPING COUNTRIES, INPARTICULAR TO
THE LEAST DEVELOPED AMONG THEM, AND ENVIRONMENTAL
BENEFITS OFREMOVING TRADE RESTRICTIONS
AND DISTORTIONS
Note bytheSecretariat
TARIFF ESCALATION
1. ThisNote hasbeenprepared inresponse torequests from delegations foradditional
information ontariff escalation inthecontext ofthatpartoftheCommittee 'swork programme
which addresses the"environmental benefits ofremoving trade restrictions anddistortions".
Tariff escalation
2. Tariffs escalate when theyareimposed atahigher levelonprocessed andsemi-processed
products thanonunprocessed products andrawmaterials. Forproducers intheimporting
country, thisimplies advantageously lowratesofdutyonimported inputs (often zero--see
Tables 1-11) relative totheprotection theyreceive against imports ofproducts competing with
those theyproduce. Their value-added isthenrewarded toagreater extent thanwould bethecase
ifasingle tariff ratewere applied across-the-board onallimports --the"effective rateoftariff
protection" oftheirvalue-added ishigher thanthe"nominal rateoftariff protection" ofthegoods
theyproduce. Thatcreates anincentive forresources intheimporting country tomove intoand
swell thesizeoftheprotected industry, anditcreates amarket access barrier which tends to
prevent foreign suppliers whoareexporting unprocessed products andrawmaterials from
diversifying andmoving intohigher stages ofprocessing, hence reducing theirrelative share of
finalvalue-added.
3. Tariff escalation doesnotdepend necessarily ontheexistence ofhighnominal tariff rates.
Twodifferent setsofescalated tariffs --onewithhighandtheother withlownominal tariff rates
applied todifferent stages ofprocessing --canstillresult inthesame rateofeffective tariff
protection fordomestic producers. Furthermore, effective tariff protection canbehighevenwith
small absolute differences intariffs applied todifferent stages ofprocessing provided theshare of
imported, lowdutyinputs inthetotalvalue ofthefinalproduct islarge (i.e.thevalue added in
processing theinputs domestically isasmall share ofthefinalvalue oftheproduct). Thatshare
willvaryfrom product toproduct andfrom country tocountry, sothatcase-by-case studies based
ondetailed input-output datawould berequired tocalculate actual effective ratesofprotection
from thetariff information provided inTables 1-11. What canbesaidatageneral levelisthat
evenwhen nominal tariffs arerelatively lowandthespread between thetariffs onunprocessed and
processed products isrelatively narrow, reducing tariff escalation stillhasthepotential to
significantly reduce trade restriction anddistortion.WT/CTE/W/25
Page2
4. There areimportant reasons tofocus onthelevelofthetariff whether ornotitreflects
steep tariff escalation. Ahighimport tariff implies thatalarger portion ofthemarket isrestricted
forthose exporting toit,andareduction intariffs willimply animprovement inmarket access
eveniftheeffective rateoftariff protection remains unchanged.1Moreover, withtariff
escalation, ahightariff rateis,ceteris paribus ,more likely tobeassociated withahigher rateof
effective tariff protection.2
5. When there isatariff decline, asignificant factor determining theextent ofadditional
market access isthesizeoftheimport market. Foranygiven percentage decline intariffs, a
larger market willimply access toagreater additional volume ofsalesforforeign suppliers. The
improvement inmarket access duetotariff reduction depends ontheresponsiveness ofimport
demand toaprice decline, i.e.ontheelasticity ofimport demand. Thiselasticity islikely tobe
greater formore highly processed items andthesame percentage tariff reduction fordifferent
stages ofprocessing willtherefore belikely toresult inagreater improvement inmarket access
forprocessed items. Also, thehigher price ofprocessed items implies thateventhesame absolute
reduction intariffs fordifferent stages ofprocessing could provide alarger increase inthevalue
ofsalesforprocessed products. Forthese reasons, areduction intariffs forprocessed products is
likely togenerate more resources forexporting countries, particularly when suchtariff reduction
takes place inlarge import markets.
6. Theuseofnon-tariff barriers rather thantariffs intheimporting country doesnotchange
theprinciple of"effective rateofprotection", northeimplications oftheeffects ofescalating the
degree ofrestrictiveness ofnon-tariff barriers according tolevels ofprocessing. More restrictive
non-tariff barriers applied tohigher stages ofprocessing intheproduction chain willraisethe
levelofeffective protection fordomestic producers. Thetariff dataprovided inTables 1-11could
besupplemented bysuchdataasisavailable totheSecretariat onnon-tariff barriers attherequest
oftheCommittee.
7. Theuseofexport tariffs ornon-tariff export barriers onunprocessed products andraw
materials intheexporting country, coupled withlower restrictions onexports ofprocessed
products, willtendtohaveasimilar effect tothatoftariff escalation intheimporting country.
Anincentive willbecreated toraisedomestic value-added intheexporting country bymoving to
higher stages ofprocessing. Thepotential forthistocreate trade restriction anddistortion canbe
analyzed inmuch thesame wayastariff escalation.
8. Forcertain ofthecountries covered byTables 1-11, thetariffs applied toagricultural
products reflect apattern ofreverse tariff escalation, since thetariffs arehigher onunprocessed
products thanonprocessed products. Thesignificance ofthisforresource allocation andfor
causing anartificial shiftinproduction activity from exporting toimporting countries isdifficult to
describe without taking intoaccount theincidence ofnon-tariff import barriers, particularly on
processed products.
Potential environmental benefits
9. TheSecretariat hasalready provided theCommittee inWT/CTE/W/1 withbackground
information drawn from areview oftherelevant literature onthepotential environmental benefits
1Forthisreason, itismore valuable toreduce tariff escalation bylowering tariffs onlaterstages ofprocessing rather thanbyraising
them ontheearlier stages.
2Ifahigher rateoftariff isimposed ontheunprocessed products, onlyasmaller absolute increase inthetariff rateforthenextstage
ofprocessing, ceteris paribus ,would beneeded torestore thesame effective rateoftariff protection.WT/CTE/W/25
Page3
ofreducing tariffs andtariff escalation. Environmental benefits maybederived inanumber of
ways.
10. With respect totheimporting country, reducing tariffs andtariff escalation canleadtoa
more efficient useofdomestic resources andtothelowering ofcosts perunitofoutput, including
environmental costs. Thebenefits maybeconsiderable iftheindustries benefitting from high
ratesofeffective protection arerelatively more polluting perunitofoutput thanother domestic
industries. Inaddition, environmental benefits willaccrue from
providing better market access toimported products which arelessenvironmentally costly than
domestically produced substitutes.
11. Forexporting countries, areduction oftariffs andtariff escalation intheirmain export
markets willimprove theirmarket access, inparticular forsemi-processed andprocessed products,
andassist them toshifttohigher value-added activities andearnmore resources through trade
without placing further pressure ontheiragricultural andnatural resource-based product sectors.
Thisislikely toprove ofparticular value tothose developing countries facing pressure atpresent
toexpand theiroutput ofrawmaterials forexport inorder tomaintain orraiseforeign exchange
earnings, causing environmental damage possibly beyond sustainable limits andtending towards a
vicious circle ofincreased supply ofunprocessed products leading tolower world prices andto
pressure toincrease supply evenfurther. Reducing tariffs andtariff escalation intheirmain
export markets canalsoassist developing countries todiversify theirexport base, thevalue of
which wasdescribed inAgenda 21asdiminishing dependence onarestricted range ofcommodity
exports andthereby avoiding pressure toover-exploit environmentally sensitive rawmaterials
when there isaweakening ofparticular commodity prices onworld markets. More generally it
would make available todeveloping countries additional resources todedicate toreducing poverty
andtobetter environmental protection through, forexample, acquiring better quality
environmental technologies andservices.
12. Aswasnoted inWT/CTE/W/1, thelinks between trade liberalisation andbetter
environmental protection arenotautomatic (nor, itisworth noting, arethelinks between trade
restriction andbetter environmental protection). Since trade perseisrarely thedirect cause of
environmental improvements (ordamage), itistheindirect benefits oftrade liberalisation rather
thanitsdirect benefits which willprovide thepredominant aspect ofitsenvironmental value3.
Proper domestic resource management andenvironmental policies willbeneeded ifthose indirect
benefits aretobefullyrealized.
Empirical evidence ontariff escalation
13. Tables 1-11provide information onpre-andpost-Uruguay Round bound tariff ratesfor
different stages ofproduction inselected countries andtheshare ofimports under eachofthe
different stages ofproduction. Thedatashow thatthere isnogeneral pattern which applies toall
theselected categories inallthecountries concerned. However, thepeaktariff ratesarestillhigh
foranumber ofproduct categories, inparticular foragricultural products, andmost countries
havetariff escalation insectors suchasmetals, textiles andclothing, leather products, rubber
products, andtosome extent alsowood products andfurniture. Inviewoftherelatively large
share ofinputs inthevalue ofthefinalproduct produced using natural resource-based products
andtextiles andclothing, thetariff escalation forthese categories implies asubstantially high
3Inthecontext ofconsidering thepotential environmental costsoftrading products internationally, onestudy found that"thebehaviour
ofadvalorem shipping ratesforLDCexports varies onaproduct-by-product basis. Forsome items (metals) thereisfairly conclusive evidence
thattransport costs fallwithprocessing. However, forother important products nominal freight ratesseem toincrease. Over all,forthe
products studied, advalorem shipping costsremained fairly constant overdifferent levels offabrication.", A.J.Yeats (1977), "DoInternational
Transport Costs Increase With Fabrication? Some Empirical Evidence", Oxford Economic Papers ,Volume 29,Number 3.WT/CTE/W/25
Page4
effective rateoftariff protection. Moreover, inviewofthelarge market baseofthecountries
covered bytheTables, adecline intariffs would imply asignificant increase inmarket access for
other countries supplying them withexports.
14. TheSecretariat doesnotconsider itself competent tocomment onthelikely environmental
benefits ofreducing tariff escalation foranyoftheparticular product categories covered bythe
Tables. Itisnevertheless continuing toreview theliterature inthisregard, anditwillprovide the
Committee withsupplementary information asandwhen itbecomes available.WT/CTE/W/25
Page5
TABLES 1-11
Note: Theaverages arecalculated bytaking thebound rateoftariff forlineswithtariff binding
andapplied tariff ratesforlineswithout tariff bindings. Anumber oflineshavespecific tariffs,
which arenotincluded intheaverages. Forpost-Uruguay Round average tariffs onagricultural
products, thetableprovides inparentheses thenumber oflineswithspecific tariffs, whenever the
number ofsuchlinesexceeds tenpercentofthelineswithadvalorem tariffs. Intheparentheses,
thefirstfigure shows thenumber oflineswithadvalorem tariffs fortheproduct category andthe
second figure shows thenumber oflineswithspecific tariffs. Whenever thenumber oflineswith
advalorem tariffs foranycategory arezero, theaverage andpeaktariffs areindicated by"n.a."
Ideally, theapplied tariff raterather thanthebound tariff rateshould beusedinorder toindicate
actual levels ofmarket access restriction andtariff escalation. Attherequest oftheCommittee,
theSecretariat could attempt toprovide information onapplied tariff rates, butthedataavailable
arenotascomplete inthisrespect asaredataontariff bindings.WT/CTE/W/25
Page6TABLE 1.Brazil: Average Tariff Binding forDifferent Product Categories
Product Category Imports
(1989; $'000)Simple average tariff
Peak bound tariff,
post-UR
Pre-UR binding Post-UR binding
Fruits, vegetables, beverages, eggs, honey
unprocessed 250,601 53.3 33.5 55
semi-processed 54,389 73.2 36.9 55
processed 25,544 88 34.3 55
Grains
unprocessed 147,747 42.6 46.4 55
semi-processed 236,891 58.5 52.9 55
processed 130,107 80 36.7 55
Animals andproducts thereof
unprocessed 74,144 18.6 24.9 35
others 349,971 55.9 42.6 55
Oilseeds, fatsandoilsandtheirproduct
unprocessed 26,966 30.6 33.4 35
others 144,441 50.7 34.7 35
Cutflowers, plants, vegetable materials 23,381 34.8 33.6 45
Beverages andspirits 60,598 101 40 55
Dairy products
unprocessed 51 70 55 55
others 290,023 65.2 49.8 55WT/CTE/W25
Page7Product Category Imports
(1989; $'000)Simple average tariff
Peak bound tariff,
post-UR
Pre-UR binding Post-UR binding
Fish, shellfish andtheirproducts
unprocessed 80,160 55.3 35 35
others 105,108 67.4 29.4 35
Tobacco
unprocessed 4,558 70.6 44.6 55
processed 910 103 34.7 35
Other agricultural products
unprocessed 45,609 30.2 29.8 35
semi-processed 0 55 35 35
processed 4,599 25.9 35.6 55
Hides andskins
rawhides andfurskins 55,381 45.3 33.2 35
semi-manufactures 279,097 82.8 35 35
manufactures 4,378 95.8 35 35
Rubber
rawrubber 213,246 64.7 34.2 35
semi-manufactures 23,286 86.5 33.1 35
manufactures 83,387 90 35 35
Footwear andtravel goods 18,048 78.8 35 35
Wood andcork
wood andcorkintherough 12,801 43.2 13.8 35WT/CTE/W/25
Page8Product Category Imports
(1989; $'000)Simple average tariff
Peak bound tariff,
post-UR
Pre-UR binding Post-UR binding
wood based panels andother semi-
manufactured products25,265 65.6 20 35
manufactured articles 1,657 71.6 22.8 35
Furniture 5,710 90.4 33.7 35
Pulp, paper andpaperboard
paper pulpandpaper waste 74,996 32.7 30.9 35
paper andpaperboard 266,567 52.6 32.4 35
printed matter andmanufactured articles 108,410 62.6 31.9 35
Textiles
textiles fibres,
other thanraw255,246 46.6 34.7 55
yarn, fabrics andsimilar products 121,754 85 35 35
made-up articles andrelated products,
clothing andaccessories70,466 99.4 34.9 35
Mineral products andfertilizers
stone, sand, crude fertilizers 196,163 35.1 33.8 35
semi-manufactures 360,638 39.1 26.4 35
manufactures 134,389 64.2 34.8 35
Precious stones andprecious metals
precious stones, pearls 7,584 21.9 35 35
semi-manufactures 102,523 12.5 35 35
manufactures 4,364 82.5 35 35WT/CTE/W25
Page9Product Category Imports
(1989; $'000)Simple average tariff
Peak bound tariff,
post-UR
Pre-UR binding Post-UR binding
Oresandmetals
oresandconcentrates 479,317 4.8 35 35
semi-manufactures 749,122 38.8 33 35
manufactures 186,141 62 33.4 35
Coalandnatural gas 906,025 17.3 30.4 35
Products derived from coalorgas
Products obtained bydistillation ofmineral
tars2,040 16.6 35 35
semi-manufactures 34,854 20.6 35 35
manufactures 9,996 41.3 30.8 35
Chemicals
semi-manufactures 2,376,635 35.6 21.6 35
manufactures 402,825 48.8 26.9 35WT/CTE/W/25
Page10TABLE 2.Canada: Average Tariff Binding forDifferent Product Categories
Product Category Imports
(1988; $'000)Simple average tariff
Peak bound tariff,
post-UR
Pre-UR binding Post-UR binding
Fruits, vegetables, beverages, eggs, honey
unprocessed 2,037,501 4.8 3.3 55.2
semi-processed 339,860 9.4 6.4 49
processed 669,603 10.5 6.7 19.1
Grains
unprocessed 127,391 1.7 0.5(17/3) 5.8
semi-processed 14,296 3.4 2.2
(12/11)6.4
processed 202,524 8.9 6(22/30) 14.9
Animals andproducts thereof
unprocessed 89,579 1.1 0.7(18/3) 8
others 515,044 6.7 4.9
(66/19)87.9
Oilseeds, fatsandoilsandtheirproduct
unprocessed 89,963 1 0.6 6.4
others 313,406 8.4 4.7 11.2
Cutflowers, plants, vegetable materials 166,394 6.7 2.1 14.2
Beverages andspirits 662,070 12.2 8 170.6
Dairy products
unprocessed 1,006 n.a.(0/3) n.a.(0/3) n.a.WT/CTE/W25
Page11Product Category Imports
(1988; $'000)Simple average tariff
Peak bound tariff,
post-UR
Pre-UR binding Post-UR binding
others 110,587 17.5 11.2(1/21) 11.2
Fish, shellfish andtheirproducts
unprocessed 372,549 0.9 0.6 5.3
others 206,955 5.4 3.5 11.3
Tobacco
unprocessed 4,375 8 5.2 7.4
processed 18,275 17.3 11.1 19.8
Other agricultural products
unprocessed 128,973 3.8 1.9 16
semi-processed 273 0 0 0
processed 164,844 4 2.5(17/4) 15.9
Hides andskins
rawhides andfurskins 185,352 0 0 0
semi-manufactures 268,067 7.9 5.2 8.1
manufactures 185,677 16.7 10.6 15.7
Rubber
rawrubber 317,691 0.4 0.3 6.8
semi-manufactures 227,689 9.8 6.7 11.3
manufactures 904,665 10.9 6.6 15.7
Footwear andtravel goodsWT/CTE/W/25
Page12Product Category Imports
(1988; $'000)Simple average tariff
Peak bound tariff,
post-UR
Pre-UR binding Post-UR binding
Wood andcork
wood andcorkintherough 186,245 0.6 0.4 6.7
wood based panels andother semi-
manufactured products685,561 5.0 2.9 9.7
manufactured articles 136,576 7.6 4.7 9.7
Furniture
Pulp, paper andpaperboard
paper pulpandpaper waste 246,314 0 0 0
paper andpaperboard 900,836 6.3 0 0
printed matter andmanufactured articles 1,725,636 7.2 0 0
Textiles
textiles fibres, other thanraw 203,510 3.8 1.7 18
yarn, fabrics andsimilar products 1,486,638 18.5 11.4 14
made-up articles andrelated products,
clothing andaccessories 2,330,241 21.4 15.1 18
Mineral products andfertilizers
stone, sand, crude fertilizers 353,972 3.4 2.2 8.2
semi-manufactures 390,098 2.5 0.1 6.5
manufactures 1,313,485 9.1 4.3 15.7
Precious stones andprecious metals
precious stones, pearls 179,826 1.3 0.8 6.7
semi-manufactures 1,133,862 3.8 2.5 7.2WT/CTE/W25
Page13Product Category Imports
(1988; $'000)Simple average tariff
Peak bound tariff,
post-UR
Pre-UR binding Post-UR binding
manufactures 165,175 11 6 8.7
Oresandmetals
oresandconcentrates 650,885 0.1 0.1 3.2
semi-manufactures 4,012,342 7.2 1.7 8
manufactures 3,044,414 9.1 5.2 11.3
Coalandnatural gas 753,828 4.3 4.1 12.5
Products derived from coalorgas
Products obtained bydistillation ofmineral
tars 2,895 12.5 8.2 8.2
semi-manufactures 101,174 2.3 1.5 6.1
manufactures 53,735 9 5.5 7.4
Chemicals
semi-manufactures 5,115,032 9.1 4.7 8
manufactures 2,328,513 10.2 3.4 8WT/CTE/W/25
Page14TABLE 3.European Communities: Average Tariff Binding forDifferent Product Categories
Product Category Imports
(1988; $'000)Simple average tariff
Peak bound tariff,
post-UR
Pre-UR binding Post-URbinding
Fruits, vegetables, beverages, eggs, honey
unprocessed 14,212,909 8.8 5.3
(207/54)17.6
semi-processed 1,744,435 14.1 10.4 20.8
processed 2,082,377 21.7 16.1
(211/87)25.6
Grains
unprocessed 1,211,733 8.3 3.8(7/26) 12.8
semi-processed 10,069 n.a.(0/52) n.a.(0/52) n.a.
processed 287,127 23.5 13.9(2/52) 19.2
Animals andproducts thereof
unprocessed 756,576 4.5 2.7
(16/18)11.5
others 2,816,907 11.3 6.3
(78/186)16.6
Oilseeds, fatsandoilsandtheirproduct
unprocessed 4,084,814 0.2 0.1 4.5
others 5,336,234 8.6 5.3 16
Cutflowers, plants, vegetable materials 950,713 8.3 4.5 19.2
Beverages andspirits 1,588,151 23.8 17(68/93) 33.6
Dairy products
others 1,638 n.a.(0/12) n.a.(0/12) n.a.WT/CTE/W25
Page15Product Category Imports
(1988; $'000)Simple average tariff
Peak bound tariff,
post-UR
Pre-UR binding Post-URbinding
processed 779,939 12 7.7 7.7
Fish, shellfish andtheirproducts
unprocessed 4,212,343 13.2 11.3 23
others 1,965,805 16.6 15.4 26
Tobacco
unprocessed 1,299,500 18.3 14.6 18.4
processed 340,106 71.8 39.8 74.9
Other agricultural products
unprocessed 1,405,122 3.6 1.5 10.9
semi-processed 7,190 3 0 0
processed 1,568,322 3.8 2.6
(16/32)12
Hides andskins
rawhides andfurskins 1,972,102 0 0 0
semi-manufactures 1,896,178 3.7 2.5 6.5
manufactures 1,727,511 6.9 4.7 20
Rubber
rawrubber 1,649,584 0.2 0.1 2.9
semi-manufactures 374,762 3.6 1.8 3
manufactures 2,012,872 4.5 2.7 6.5
Footwear andtravel goods 4,349,574 10.5 8.7 17WT/CTE/W/25
Page16Product Category Imports
(1988; $'000)Simple average tariff
Peak bound tariff,
post-UR
Pre-UR binding Post-URbinding
Wood andcork
wood andcorkintherough 1,214,905 0.5 0 0
wood based panels other
semi-manufactured products9,031,844 5.2 2.3 7
manufactured articles 888,582 5.6 1.5 4.7
Furniture 2,425,690 5.4 1 3.7
Pulp, paper andpaperboard
paper pulpandpaper waste 6,130,954 0 0 0
paper andpaperboard 11,451,480 8.4 0 0
printed matter andmanufactured articles 3,115,613 8 0 0
Textiles
textiles fibres, other thanraw 5,412,789 3 1.6 5.3
yarn, fabrics andsimilar products 7,267,627 9.7 6.7 8
made-up articles andrelated products,
clothing andaccessories 18,351,653 11.7 10.1 12
Mineral products andfertilizers 2,630,061 0.9 0.3 9.2
stone, sand, crudefertilizers
semi-manufactured 2,013,613 4.8 3.3 6.5
manufactures 2,706,212 6.5 4.1 12
Precious stones andprecious metals
precious stones, pearls 8,263,015 0.7 0 0
semi-manufactures 13,498,170 1.8 0 0WT/CTE/W25
Page17Product Category Imports
(1988; $'000)Simple average tariff
Peak bound tariff,
post-UR
Pre-UR binding Post-URbinding
manufactures 1,500,795 4.5 2.7 6
Oresandmetals
oresandconcentrates 8,090,664 0 0 0
semi-manufactures 21,234,960 5.4 1.2 10
manufactures 6,573,937 5.4 2.8 8.5
Coalandnatural gas 12,257,046 1.5 0.6 8
Products derived from coal
orgas
Products obtained bydistillation of
mineral tars 324,205 2.21 3
semi-manufactures 578,136 0.7 0.1 0.7
manufactures 154,567 3.8 2.9 6.5
Chemicals
semi-manufactures 21,321,691 7.5 5 7
manufactures 8,325,635 6.8 2.8 7.7
Non-electric machinery 48,478,056 4.1 1.8 9.7WT/CTE/W/25
Page18TABLE 4.Hungary: Average Tariff Binding forDifferent Product Categories
Product Category Imports
(1991; $'000)Simple average tariff
Peak bound tariff,
post-UR
Pre-UR binding Post-UR binding
Fruits, vegetables, beverages, eggs, honey
unprocessed 162,719 46 30.6 51.2
semi-processed 26,672 60.4 46.4 68
processed 78,013 55.3 34.4 68
Grains
unprocessed 64,188 46.6 25.9 63.4
semi-processed 112 60 38.4 38.4
processed 14,037 57.8 36.5 51.2
Animals andproducts thereof
unprocessed 15,623 42.7 27.3 50.2
others 6,312 67 42.2 71.7
Oilseeds, fatsandoilsandtheirproduct
unprocessed 11,078 2 1.7 8.5
others 116,607 22.8 14 48.5
Cutflowers, plants, vegetable materials 19,115 11.9 8.2 34
Beverages andspirits 58,517 69.4 56 127.5
Dairy products
unprocessed 462 80 51.2 51.2
others 10,301 89 53.3 101.8WT/CTE/W25
Page19Product Category Imports
(1991; $'000)Simple average tariff
Peak bound tariff,
post-UR
Pre-UR binding Post-UR binding
Fish, shellfish andtheirproducts
unprocessed 5,733 14 14 30
others 5,760 26.8 26.8 45
Tobacco
unprocessed 29,611 80 50.8 51.2
processed 8,797 87.9 56.2 57.6
Other agricultural products
unprocessed 21,322 14.1 9.8 29.8
semi-processed 0 20 12.8 12.8
processed 29,426 15.4 9.8 32
Hides andskins
rawhides andfurskins 17,370 4 2.4 5.5
semi-manufactures 123,942 8.8 6.2 9
manufactures 9,048 11 8 11.4
Rubber
rawrubber 24,648 6.7 4.6 10
semi-manufactures 13,093 15.7 8.4 10
manufactures 70,638 9.2 4.1 12.1
Footwear andtravel goods 136,536 11.5 9.2 18
Wood andcork
wood andcorkintherough 58,813 7.9 2.6 8WT/CTE/W/25
Page20Product Category Imports
(1991; $'000)Simple average tariff
Peak bound tariff,
post-UR
Pre-UR binding Post-UR binding
wood based panels andother semi-
manufactured products 83,933 8.3 5 9
manufactured articles 10,380 10.1 6.9 9
Furniture 72,703 9.7 7.4 10.4
Pulp, paper andpaperboard
paper pulpandpaper waste 66,261 0.8 0 0
paper andpaperboard 167,784 8.4 5.7 20
printed matter andmanufactured articles 154,032 9 6.3 18
Textiles
textiles fibres,
other thanraw115,286 5.3 3.2 8.5
yarn, fabrics andsimilar products 563,174 10.9 7.1 13
made-up articles andrelated products,
clothing andaccessories482,851 13.4 9.6 20
Mineral products andfertilizers
stone, sand, crude fertilizers 59,341 5.2 3.8 11
semi-manufactures 56,544 7.1 5.6 10
manufactures 122,514 9.1 6.5 15
Precious stones andprecious metals
precious stones, pearls 724 2.7 2 10.4
semi-manufactures 5,661 3.5 2.4 8.5
manufactures 8,250 12.2 8.5 18WT/CTE/W25
Page21Product Category Imports
(1991; $'000)Simple average tariff
Peak bound tariff,
post-UR
Pre-UR binding Post-UR binding
Oresandmetals
oresandconcentrates 59,160 2.3 1.2 4.5
semi-manufactures 529,294 5.6 3.9 8
manufactures 280,644 10 8 12.1
Coalandnatural gas 568,926 2.8 2.1 6.2
Products derived from coalorgas
Products obtained bydistillation ofmineral
tars739 1.3 0.9 3.5
semi-manufactures 5,317 3.1 2.2 7
manufactures 4,462 8.7 5.4 7
Chemicals
semi-manufactures 914,299 8.3 5.1 18
manufactures 507,172 12 7.3 18WT/CTE/W/25
Page22TABLE 5.India: Average Tariff Binding forDifferent Product Categories
Product Category Imports
(1988; $'000)Simple average tariff
Peak bound tariff,
post-UR
Pre-UR binding Post-UR binding
Fruits, vegetables, beverages, eggs, honey
unprocessed 326,473 127.5 113.6 150
semi-processed 155,412 134.1 120.7 150
processed 13,805 136.8 146.7 150
Grains
unprocessed 8,691 0 47.1 100
semi-processed 725 102 150 150
processed 42,459 123.9 126.7 150
Animals andproducts thereof
unprocessed 1,472 105.3 100 100
others 81 140 114 150
Oilseeds, fatsandoilsandtheirproduct
unprocessed 8,613 66.7 105.6 150
others 785,292 128.7 198 300
Cutflowers, plants, vegetable materials 18,457 102.8 102.8 150
Beverages andspirits 3,325 203 150 150WT/CTE/W25
Page23Product Category Imports
(1988; $'000)Simple average tariff
Peak bound tariff,
post-UR
Pre-UR binding Post-UR binding
Dairy products
unprocessed 6,284 100 100 100
others 104,687 86.7 130 150
Fish, shellfish andtheirproducts
unprocessed 42 60 60 60
others 24 98 82.5 150
Tobacco
unprocessed 384 n.a.(0/3) n.a.(0/3) n.a.
processed 782 140 150 150
Other agricultural products
unprocessed 2,533 108 104 150
semi-processed 0 140 100 100
processed 2,869 100 108 150
Hides andskins
rawhides andfurskins 5,104 21.1 56.4 100
semi-manufactures 11,746 43.9 30 40
manufactures 2,585 100 100 100
Rubber
rawrubber 92,877 99 36.9 40
semi-manufactures 7,215 145 40 40
manufactures 30,916 93.6 90.4 100
Footwear andtravel goods 6,847 100 100 100WT/CTE/W/25
Page24Product Category Imports
(1988; $'000)Simple average tariff
Peak bound tariff,
post-UR
Pre-UR binding Post-UR binding
Wood andcork
wood andcorkintherough 170,815 27.4 21.8 40
wood based panels andother
semi-manufactured products13,541 103 39.7 40
manufactured articles 1,123 69 56 60
Furniture 1,139 100 100 100
Pulp, paper andpaperboard
paper pulpandpaper waste 183,929 27.1 28.2 40
paper andpaperboard 200,131 141 40.7 100
printed matter andmanufactured articles 72,964 84.7 81.2 200
Textiles
textiles fibres,
other thanraw205,390 90.8 61.7 150
yarn, fabrics andsimilar products 129,930 119 86.9 160
made-up articles andrelated products,
clothing andaccessories13,236 103 94.4 100
Mineral products andfertilizers
stone, sand, crude fertilizers 317,540 104 38.6 60
semi-manufactures 158,246 86.7 38.9 60
manufactures 68,677 121.7 53.3 100
Precious stones andprecious metals
precious stones, pearls 1,556,764 66 28.6 40
semi-manufactures 2,594 130 40 40WT/CTE/W25
Page25Product Category Imports
(1988; $'000)Simple average tariff
Peak bound tariff,
post-UR
Pre-UR binding Post-UR binding
manufactures 8,334 108 90 100
Oresandmetals
oresandconcentrates 318,898 79 27.5 40
semi-manufactures 1,566,812 106.4 47.3 100
manufactures 139,831 101.4 81.8 300
Coalandnatural gas 169,074 43.7 44.3 60
Products derived from coalorgas
Products obtained bydistillation of
mineral tars 6,468 40 40 40
semi-manufactures 7,506 52.5 52.5 60
manufactures 3,872 110 47.1 60
Chemicals
semi-manufactures 1,461,056 120 42.5 150
manufactures 197,684 103 67 150WT/CTE/W/25
Page26TABLE 6.Indonesia: Average Tariff Binding forDifferent Product Categories
Product Category Imports
(1989; $'000)Simple average tariff
Peak bound tariff,
post-UR
Pre-UR binding Post-UR binding
Fruits, vegetables, beverages, eggs, honey
unprocessed 38,778 88.2 44.7 60
semi-processed 117,356 88.8 55.9 95
processed 30,628 83.3 44.2 60
Grains
unprocessed 368,984 95.4 74.4 160
semi-processed 8,927 60.7 35.4 40
processed 13,639 78.6 41.6 60
Animals andproducts thereof
unprocessed 26,086 45.3 40 40
others 6,344 78.5 43.8 50
Oilseeds, fatsandoilsandtheirproduct
unprocessed 149,098 42.5 37.8 40
others 226,046 56.9 40.6 60
Cutflowers, plants, vegetable materials 8,721 50.4 41 60
Beverages andspirits 7,668 125 98 150WT/CTE/W25
Page27Product Category Imports
(1989; $'000)Simple average tariff
Peak bound tariff,
post-UR
Pre-UR binding Post-UR binding
Dairy products
unprocessed 1,016 50 40 40
others 78,591 129 106 210
Fish, shellfish andtheirproducts
unprocessed 3,973 28.8 40 40
others 1,174 44 40 40
Tobacco
unprocessed 24,824 45 40 40
processed 2,561 122 40 40
Other agricultural products
unprocessed 10,857 50.1 41 60
semi-processed 16 70 40 40
processed 144,323 54.7 40 40
Hides andskins
rawhides andfurskins 1,121 58 40 40
semi-manufactures 33,328 8 40 40
manufactures 934 43.3 40 40
Rubber
rawrubber 60,438 5 39 40
semi-manufactures 27,983 16 40 40
manufactures 41,334 18.1 39.2 40
Footwear andtravel goods 28,922 40.8 40 40WT/CTE/W/25
Page28Product Category Imports
(1989; $'000)Simple average tariff
Peak bound tariff,
post-UR
Pre-UR binding Post-UR binding
Wood andcork
wood andcorkintherough 5,330 14.6 40 40
wood based panels andother semi-
manufactured products 2,533 24.8 40 40
manufactured articles 1,564 24.5 40 40
Furniture 10,150 46.4 40 40
Pulp, paper andpaperboard
paper pulpandpaper waste 311,292 22.5 35 40
paper andpaperboard 133,414 27.6 39.6 40
printed matter andmanufactured articles 68,343 22.9 39.8 40
Textiles
textiles fibres,
other thanraw 490,61925.9 39.8 40
yarn, fabrics andsimilar products 445,357 44.4 40 40
made-up articles andrelated products,
clothing andaccessories 67,668 51 40 40
Mineral products andfertilizers
stone, sand, crude fertilizers 188,311 6.5 39.2 40
semi-manufactures 130,034 20.9 38.1 40
manufactures 146,504 37.3 40 40WT/CTE/W25
Page29Product Category Imports
(1989; $'000)Simple average tariff
Peak bound tariff,
post-UR
Pre-UR binding Post-UR binding
Precious stones andprecious metals
precious stones, pearls 88 16.4 40 40
semi-manufactures 317 14.6 33.1 40
manufactures 12,683 35.5 40 40
Oresandmetals
oresandconcentrates 201,071 3.8 40 40
semi-manufactures 1,287,049 16.6 34.9 40
manufactures 382,484 24.7 38.8 40
Coalandnatural gas 72,155 5 40 40
Products derived from coalorgas
Products obtained bydistillation ofmineral
tars4,721 5 40 40
semi-manufactures 68,149 5 40 40
manufactures 19,826 5 40 40
Chemicals
semi-manufactures 2,746,696 14.5 37.6 40
manufactures 269,686 26.2 36.8 40WT/CTE/W/25
Page30TABLE 7.Japan: Average Tariff Binding forDifferent Product Categories
Product Category Imports
(1988; $'000)Simple average tariff
Peak bound tariff,
post-UR
Pre-UR binding Post-UR binding
Fruits, vegetables, beverages, eggs, honey
unprocessed 3,080,447 9.2 5.6 43.7
semi-processed 1,000,454 46.7 31.6 232
processed 1,719,211 22.9 14.6 46.8
Grains
unprocessed 3,846,991 16.8 12.8(25/8) 74.1
semi-processed 4,534 22.5 17.6
(14/11)25
processed 463,512 26.8 20.2
(46/41)47.2
Animals andproducts thereof
unprocessed 165,546 3.6 3.1 22
others 3,976,201 19.9 11.9
(119/20)50
Oilseeds, fatsandoilsandtheirproduct
unprocessed 2,154,643 0.7 0.4(19/2) 4.2
others 616,535 7.5 4.3 29.8
Cutflowers, plants, vegetable materials
512,172 3.32
17
Beverages andspirits 1,228,280 43 25.2 239.9WT/CTE/W25
Page31Product Category Imports
(1988; $'000)Simple average tariff
Peak bound tariff,
post-UR
Pre-UR binding Post-UR binding
Dairy products
unprocessed 10 n.a.(0/3) n.a.(0/3) n.a.
others 473,490 43.3 29.9
(11/33)40
Fish, shellfish andtheirproducts
unprocessed 9,168,107 6.7 5.2 15
others 1,324,028 13.2 9.1 15
Tobacco
unprocessed 394,125 0 0 0
processed 753,230 11.4 9.6 29.8
Other agricultural products
unprocessed 1,246,758 2.3 1.6 40
semi-processed 97 0 0 0
processed 601,009 3.7 1.1 12.8
Hides andskins
rawhides andfurskins 821,558 2.1 0.8 3.5
semi-manufactures 204,891 20.5 12.7 30
manufactures 926,398 16.3 14.7 20
Rubber
rawrubber 966,311 0.2 0 0
semi-manufactures 47,424 4.1 0.5 2.5
manufactures 578,942 3 1.9 1.9WT/CTE/W/25
Page32Product Category Imports
(1988; $'000)Simple average tariff
Peak bound tariff,
post-UR
Pre-UR binding Post-UR binding
Footwear andtravel goods 1,936,346 31.9 27.4 75.2
Wood andcork
wood andcorkintherough 5,624,794 0.2 0.1 3.5
wood based panels andother
semi-manufactured goods 3,231,497 7.6 3.5 10
manufactured articles 346,210 5 2.6 10
Furniture 1,030,956 4.4 0.5 3.8
Pulp, paper andpaperboard
paper pulpandpaper waste 2,114,350 1.5 0 0
paper andpaperboard 1,027,763 3.9 0 0
printed matter andmanufactured articles
557,529 2.9 0 0
Textiles
textiles fibres,
other thanraw 3,274,587 2.7 1.6 6.6
Yarn, fabrics andsimilar products 2,924,456 9.1 6 14
Made-up articles andrelated products, clothing
andaccessories 6,777,673 13.4 8.4 14.2
Mineral products andfertilizers
stone, sand, crude fertilizers 1,511,355 0.2 0.1 2.6
semi-manufactures 755,887 2.7 0.7 4.2
manufactures 1,104,918 4 1.2 8WT/CTE/W25
Page33Product Category Imports
(1988; $'000)Simple average tariff
Peak bound tariff,
post-UR
Pre-UR binding Post-UR binding
Precious stones andprecious metals
precious stones, pearls 2,698,726 1.7 0 0
semi-manufactures 5,820,196 1.7 0 0
manufactures 761,616 7.1 4.4 16
Oresandmetals
oresandconcentrates 7,067,180 0.3 0.2 4.7
semi-manufactures 13,555,184 5.3 1 7.5
manufactures 1,308,546 4.6 1 5.3
Coalandnatural gas 12,548,110 2.7 0.8 4.1
Products derived from coal
orgas
Products obtained bydistillation ofmineral
tars 569,955 2.7 0.3 2.5
semi-manufactures 262,229 1.3 0.4 3.9
manufactures 51,185 4.9 3.3 4.4
Chemicals
semi-manufactures 9,932,740 5.2 3 72.3
manufactures 3,936,766 5.4 1.6 17WT/CTE/W/25
Page34TABLE 8.Korea: Average Tariff Binding forDifferent Product Categories
Product Category Imports
(1988; $'000)Simple average tariff
Peak bound tariff,
post-UR
Pre-UR binding Post-UR binding
Fruits, vegetables, beverages, eggs, honey
unprocessed 145,556 127 110.5 887.4
semi-processed 303,495 58.9 47.7 360
processed 57,363 63.5 53 754
Grains
unprocessed 1,146,710 207.6 186.2 800.3
semi-processed 57 345.8 310 800.3
processed 9,381 109.3 93.6 800.3
Animals andproducts thereof
unprocessed 6,942 24.7 19.6 89.1
others 66,950 38 31.1 72
Oilseeds, fatsandoilsandtheirproduct
unprocessed 317,882 110.8 96.5 630
others 328,023 30.5 22.9 630
Cutflowers, plants, vegetable materials 60,386 108.2 94.5 754.3
Beverages andspirits 68,768 85 38.6 270
Dairy products
unprocessed 0 47.4 36 36
others 14,776 101.6 81.9 176WT/CTE/W25
Page35Product Category Imports
(1988; $'000)Simple average tariff
Peak bound tariff,
post-UR
Pre-UR binding Post-UR binding
Fish, shellfish andtheirproducts
unprocessed 291,229 20 17.8 20
others 3,252 40.3 22.4 30
Tobacco
unprocessed 27,882 71 54 54
processed 38,856 96.4 63.2 65.5
Other agricultural products
unprocessed 111,020 22 15.7 100.5
semi-processed 0 30 19.7 19.7
processed 79,827 22.7 17.8 71
Hides andskins
rawhides andfurskins 1,141,655 18.3 7.4 36
semi-manufactures 593,011 23.6 10.1 13
manufactures 7,160 35.5 29.7 40
Rubber
rawrubber 468,619 16.1 10.8 13
semi-manufactures 45,204 26.3 13 13
manufactures 122,373 25 11.8 13
Footwear andtravel goods 37,132 34.2 14.6 16
Wood andcork
wood andcorkintherough 908,744 9.2 2.8 13WT/CTE/W/25
Page36Product Category Imports
(1988; $'000)Simple average tariff
Peak bound tariff,
post-UR
Pre-UR binding Post-UR binding
wood based panels andother
semi-manufactured products 338,010 21.1 14 30
manufactured articles 9,280 28.2 13.4 30
Furniture 42,083 29.4 3.1 30
Pulp, paper andpaperboard
paper pulpandpaper waste 845,298 6.4 0 0
paper andpaperboard 213,797 24.5 0 0
printed matter andmanufactured articles 123,887 24.2 0 0
Textiles
textiles fibres,
other thanraw 1,483,032 16.2 8.8 51.7
yarn, fabrics andsimilar products 1,371,083 27 14.2 30
made-up articles andrelated products,
clothing andaccessories 205,662 40.6 25.8 35
Mineral products andfertilizers
stone, sand, crude fertilizers 378,610 11.5 5.7 30
semi-manufactures 148,328 24.4 10.2 13
manufactures 485,985 26.5 16.2 35
Precious stones andprecious metals
precious stones, pearls 30,710 40.7 7 13
semi-manufactures 120,224 19.1 5 10
manufactures 30,394 51 12.1 16WT/CTE/W25
Page37Product Category Imports
(1988; $'000)Simple average tariff
Peak bound tariff,
post-UR
Pre-UR binding Post-UR binding
Oresandmetals
oresandconcentrates 1,529,789 4.2 1.3 5
semi-manufactures 4,307,234 18.3 4.4 13
manufactures 623,091 25.6 13.2 30
Coalandnatural gas 1,666,182 6.5 3.7 10
Products derived from coalorgas
Products obtained bydistillation ofmineral
tars 47,278 10 5.5 10
semi-manufactures 21,009 10 5 5
manufactures 73,892 24.6 9.5 20
Chemicals
semi-manufactures 5,610,915 19.8 6.2 22.5
manufactures 598,102 25 9.1 40WT/CTE/W/25
Page38TABLE 9.Malaysia: Average Tariff Binding forDifferent Product Categories
Product Category Imports
(1988; $'000)Simple average tariff
Peak bound tariff,
post-UR
Pre-UR binding Post-UR binding
Fruits, vegetables, beverages, eggs, honey
unprocessed 226,836 23.3 16.4
(108/96)90
semi-processed 173,587 20.4 12.4
(33/33)20
processed 94,322 23.2 14.3
(143/37)30
Grains
unprocessed 341,886 20.6 17.2 40
semi-processed 48,633 13.4 10 95.8
processed 78,481 26.9 14.6 31
Animals andproducts thereof
unprocessed 23,602 12.7 11.2 34.2
others 75,893 45.6 39.4 167.8
Oilseeds, fatsandoilsandtheirproduct
unprocessed 116,554 9.2 3.9 10
others 142,223 9.1 7.2
(186/24)30
Cutflowers, plants, vegetable materials 45,885 6.3 4.6 15
Beverages andspirits 51,239 27.8 14.4
(33/46)20WT/CTE/W25
Page39Product Category Imports
(1988; $'000)Simple average tariff
Peak bound tariff,
post-UR
Pre-UR binding Post-UR binding
Dairy products
unprocessed 447 33.3 29.8(8/8) 54.5
others 170,015 26.4 8(31/31) 10
Fish, shellfish andtheirproducts
unprocessed 82,858 11.2 9.8 50
others 39,493 37.5 23.8 50
Tobacco
unprocessed 21,802 n.a.(0/5) n.a.(0/5) n.a.
processed 9,631 n.a.(0/15) n.a.(0/15) n.a.
Other agricultural products
unprocessed 11,042 4.7 2.7(50/6) 10
semi-processed 92 6 5 5
processed 69,472 10.3 8.1 13
Hides andskins
rawhides andfurskins 1,043 8 5.2 10
semi-manufactures 6,036 23.1 11.6 20
manufactures 2,786 22.9 22.3 30
Rubber
rawrubber 49,411 9.9 10.2 30
semi-manufactures 12,355 31.2 27.7 35
manufactures 44,464 26.2 22 55
Footwear andtravel goods 23,492 27.2 26.9 45WT/CTE/W/25
Page40Product Category Imports
(1988; $'000)Simple average tariff
Peak bound tariff,
post-UR
Pre-UR binding Post-UR binding
Wood andcork
wood andcorkintherough 2,360 20 19.9 25
wood based panels andother semi-
manufactured products10,905 21 20.6 35
manufactured articles 5,884 23.6 19.6 30
Furniture 17,937 37 22.5 30
Pulp, paper andpaperboard
paper pulpandpaper waste 20,150 3.4 5 5
paper andpaperboard 334,915 7.9 15.1 30
printed matter andmanufactured articles 128,683 18.1 20.1 30
Textiles
textiles fibres,
other thanraw145,183 3.6 4.8 10
yarn, fabrics andsimilar products 522,022 27.3 18.9 50
made-up articles andrelated products,
clothing andaccessories114,465 31.1 23.3 50
Mineral products andfertilizers
stone, sand, crude fertilizers 75,428 4.2 5 30
semi-manufactures 216,789 12.2 14.7 50
manufactures 98,167 22.6 23.3 60
Precious stones andprecious metals
precious stones, pearls 47,609 5 8.1 30
semi-manufactures 313,992 9.3 10.2 30WT/CTE/W25
Page41Product Category Imports
(1988; $'000)Simple average tariff
Peak bound tariff,
post-UR
Pre-UR binding Post-UR binding
manufactures 14,355 14.7 13.4 50
Oresandmetals
oresandconcentrates 218,669 2.7 5.4 10
semi-manufactures 1,193,594 9.7 10.6 35
manufactures 371,868 19.8 19.2 40
Coalandnatural gas 69,819 4.1 4.7 5
Products derived from coalorgas
Products obtained bydistillation ofmineral
tars 14,944 5.7 5.7 25
semi-manufactures 7,359 8.6 8.6 30
manufactures 10,631 17.3 12.3 25
Chemicals
semi-manufactures 1,293,650 15.6 15.3 50
manufactures 450,007 11.2 17.7 55WT/CTE/W/25
Page42TABLE 10.Poland: Average Tariff Binding forDifferent Product Categories
Product Category Imports
(1989; $'000)Simple average tariff
Peak bound tariff,
post-UR
Pre-UR binding Post-UR binding
Fruits, vegetables, beverages, eggs, honey
unprocessed 248,338 48.4 31.6 128
semi-processed 30,483 87.6 65.2 96
processed 81,427 72.8 47.6 95
Grains
unprocessed 228,756 34.4 22 64
semi-processed 21 25 16 16
processed 4,027 96.8 61.7 95
Animals andproducts thereof
unprocessed 19,109 79.3 48.9 128
others 94,887 82.6 52.3 102
Oilseeds, fatsandoilsandtheirproduct
unprocessed 1,463 33.6 19 38
others 335,877 38 24.8 86
Cutflowers, plants, vegetable materials 11,938 47.8 29.9 86
Beverages andspirits 88,646 155.5 102.1 268
Dairy productsWT/CTE/W25
Page43Product Category Imports
(1989; $'000)Simple average tariff
Peak bound tariff,
post-UR
Pre-UR binding Post-UR binding
unprocessed 1,201 160 102 102
others 21,707 214 136.8 160
Fish, shellfish andtheirproducts
unprocessed 30,791 14.7 14.4 40
others 25,998 21.7 21.7 40
Tobacco
unprocessed 20,775 165 105 105
processed 47,963 315 201.5 230
Other agricultural products
unprocessed 28,103 30.3 17.8 51
semi-processed 0 10 5 5
processed 52,139 42.5 26.8 67
Hides andskins
rawhides andfurskins 78,683 27.3 16.5 58
semi-manufactures 26,627 22.2 12.5 18
manufactures 1,532 34.1 20.5 21
Rubber
rawrubber 49,979 12.6 6.9 9
semi-manufactures 8,424 15 9 9
manufactures 53,158 15 9 9
Footwear andtravel goods 42,290 22.6 15.2 21WT/CTE/W/25
Page44Product Category Imports
(1989; $'000)Simple average tariff
Peak bound tariff,
post-UR
Pre-UR binding Post-UR binding
Wood andcork
wood andcorkintherough 8,276 5 3 3
wood based panels andother semi-
manufactured products16,960 15 8.9 9
manufactured articles 3,233 15 9 9
Furniture 33,788 19.4 11.7 12
Pulp, paper andpaperboard
paper pulpandpaper waste 51,281 5.3 3.2 6
paper andpaperboard 56,618 15 9 9
printed matter andmanufactured articles 59,947 12.7 7.6 10.5
Textiles
textiles fibres,
other thanraw247,803 14.3 8 38
yarn, fabrics andsimilar products 213,202 16.7 10.1 20
made-up articles andrelated products,
clothing andaccessories 429,864 28.5 16.9 26.3
Mineral products andfertilizers
stone, sand, crude fertilizers 193,219 5.5 2.1 12.6
semi-manufactures 44,045 12 7.5 21.3
manufactures 111,411 15.3 9.3 23.3
Precious stones andprecious metals
precious stones, pearls 3,823 5 3 3
semi-manufactures 4,133 5.1 3 3.8WT/CTE/W25
Page45Product Category Imports
(1989; $'000)Simple average tariff
Peak bound tariff,
post-UR
Pre-UR binding Post-UR binding
manufactures 7,525 31.8 19.1 27
Oresandmetals
oresandconcentrates 142,928 8.7 3.7 9
semi-manufactures 702,378 16.9 10.2 12
manufactures 161,434 17.5 10.5 21
Coalandnatural gas 278,493 5 3 6
Products derived from coalorgas
Products obtained bydistillation ofmineral
tars1,906 15 9 9
semi-manufactures 7,090 11.3 6.8 9
manufactures 26,107 15 9 9
Chemicals
semi-manufactures 716,722 14.8 8.9 27
manufactures 472,689 15.5 9.3 38WT/CTE/W/25
Page46TABLE 11.United States: Average Tariff Binding forDifferent Product Categories
Product Category Imports
(1989; $'000)Simple average tariff
Peak bound tariff,
post-UR
Pre-UR binding Post-UR binding
Fruits, vegetables, beverages, eggs, honey
unprocessed 5,848,928 6.5 4.4 29.8
semi-processed 1,171,680 7 4.8
(51/11)14.5
processed 2,189,865 9.5 6.1 29.8
Grains
unprocessed 381,083 3.6 1.9 11.2
semi-processed 47,235 5.4 3 12.8
processed 630,664 4.8 3.1(32/6) 14
Animals andproducts thereof
unprocessed 875,408 2.3 1.1 6.8
others 2,568,576 7.5 5.8 17.9
Oilseeds, fatsandoilsandtheirproduct
unprocessed 178,973 19 15.6 163.8
others 819,208 5.4 3.8 19.3
Cutflowers, plants, vegetable materials 793,881 2.5 1.5 6.8
Beverages andspirits 4,168,219 11 5.6 62.5WT/CTE/W25
Page47Product Category Imports
(1989; $'000)Simple average tariff
Peak bound tariff,
post-UR
Pre-UR binding Post-UR binding
Dairy products
unprocessed 10,429 1.3 1.2(4/2) 2.2
others 392,931 8.2 4.9
(17/48)9.6
Fish, shellfish andtheirproducts
unprocessed 4,559,156 0.8 0.7 15
others 851,452
Tobacco
unprocessed 550,420 52 40(16/2) 430.4
processed 87,855 17.4 9.1 34.4
Other agricultural products
unprocessed 496,504 1.7 0.8 9.9
semi-processed 142 0 0 0
processed 243,824 0.8 0.4 1.9
Hides andskins
rawhides andfurskins 216,510 0.3 2.6 5.1
semi-manufactures 784,120 3.9 5.6 5.6
Manufactures 2,153,378 6.6 14
Rubber
rawrubber 0 0
semi-manufactures 265,402 3.1 1.3 0
manufactures 3,498,974 3.9 2.4 3.3WT/CTE/W/25
Page48
Product Category Imports
(1989; $'000)Simple average tariff
Peak bound tariff,
post-UR
Pre-UR binding Post-UR binding
Footwear andtravel goods
Wood andcork
wood andcorkintherough 122,662 0.2 0 14
wood based panels andother semi-
manufactured products 4,426,932 3.5 1.7 0
manufactured articles 1,063,043 4.9 2.2 8
Furniture
Pulp, paper andpaperboard
paper pulpandpaper waste 3,078,256 0 0 14
paper andpaperboard 7,399,665 1.7 0 0
printed matter andmanufactured articles 2,760,600 2.9 0 0
Textiles
textiles fibres, other thanraw 624,060 3.5 1.9 0
yarn, fabrics andsimilar products 3,599,293 13.7 9.3 7.5
made-up articles andrelated products,
clothing andaccessories 24,403,436 12.6 9.1 25
Mineral products andfertilizers
stone, sand, crude fertilizers 1,036,628 1.3 0.3 32
semi-manufactured 1,682,743 2.3 1.4 5.1
manufactures 4,548,404 8.4 5.5 8.8
Precious stones andprecious metals
precious stones, pearls 5,168,469 4.3 1.8 38
semi-manufactures 3,586,569 3.3 1.4 10.5WT/CTE/W25
Page49Product Category Imports
(1989; $'000)Simple average tariff
Peak bound tariff,
post-UR
Pre-UR binding Post-UR binding
manufactures 3,436,630 7.7 4.8 10
Oresandmetals
oresandconcentrates 1,738,435 1.3 0.6 13.5
semi-manufactures 19,586,565 4.6 1.1 6.6
manufactures 9,092,622 4.8 2.9 15
Coalandnatural gas 2,949,356 0 0 21.3
Products derived from coalorgas
Products obtained bydistillation ofmineral
tars 237,690 2.1 1.8
semi-manufactures 97,846 0.4 0 14.7
manufactures 67,883 2.8 2.7 0
Chemicals
semi-manufactures 16,522,668 7.8 4 6.5
manufactures 6,711,698 4.9 2.2 6.5