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Current members of the United States Senate
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The United States Senate party membership by state. States with two Democratic U.S. Senators are in blue, states with two Republican U.S. Senators are in red, and those with one of each are in purple. States with an independent U.S. Senator are marked with green stripes on a blue or red background, depending on the party of the other U.S. Senator.
The United States Senate consists of 100 members, two from each of the 50 states. Below is a list of the current U.S. Senators, sitting in the 115th United States Congress.
Affiliation
Members
Republican Party 51
Democratic Party 47
Independent 2[a]
Total
100
Contents
[hide]
1 Leadership
1.1 Majority (Republican) leadership
1.2 Minority (Democratic) leadership
2 Senators
3 See also
4 Notes
5 References
Leadership[edit]
Office
Party
Officer
State
Since
President of the Senate[b] Republican Mike Pence Indiana[c] January 20, 2017
President pro tempore Republican Orrin Hatch Utah January 3, 2015
Party Dean since January 3, 2013
Majority (Republican) leadership[edit]
Office
Officer
State
Since
Senate Majority Leader Mitch McConnell Kentucky January 3, 2015
Party Leader since January 3, 2007
Senate Majority Whip John Cornyn Texas January 3, 2015
Party Whip since January 3, 2013
Chair, Republican Conference John Thune South Dakota January 26, 2012
Chair, Senate Republican Policy Committee John Barrasso Wyoming January 3, 2013
Vice Chair, Republican Conference Roy Blunt Missouri January 3, 2013
Chair, National Republican Senatorial Committee Cory Gardner Colorado January 3, 2017
Chair, Senate Republican Steering Committee Mike Lee Utah January 3, 2015
Senate Republican Chief Deputy Whip Mike Crapo Idaho January 3, 2013
Minority (Democratic) leadership[edit]
Office
Officer
State
Since
Senate Minority Leader
Chair, Democratic Caucus Chuck Schumer New York January 3, 2017
Party Leader since January 3, 2017
Senate Minority Whip Dick Durbin Illinois January 3, 2015
Party Whip since January 3, 2005
Senate Assistant Democratic Leader Patty Murray Washington January 3, 2017
Chair, Senate Democratic Policy Committee Debbie Stabenow Michigan January 3, 2017
Vice Chair, Democratic Caucus Mark Warner Virginia January 3, 2017
Elizabeth Warren Massachusetts January 3, 2017
Chair, Senate Democratic Steering Committee Amy Klobuchar Minnesota January 3, 2017
Chair, Senate Democratic Outreach Committee Bernie Sanders Vermont January 3, 2017
Vice Chair, Senate Democratic Policy Committee Joe Manchin West Virginia January 3, 2017
Secretary, Democratic Caucus Tammy Baldwin Wisconsin January 3, 2017
Chair, Democratic Senatorial Campaign Committee Chris Van Hollen Maryland January 3, 2017
Senate Democratic Chief Deputy Whip Jeff Merkley Oregon January 3, 2017
President pro tempore emeritus Patrick Leahy Vermont January 3, 2015
Party Dean since December 17, 2012
Senators[edit]
The relevance of particular information in (or previously in) this article or section is disputed. The information may have been removed or included by an editor as a result. Please see discussion on the talk page considering whether its inclusion is warranted. (November 2017)
Legend
Democratic Republican Independent
State
Portrait
Name
Born
Previous experience
Assumed office
Seat up
Alabama Shelby, RichardRichard Shelby (1934-05-06) May 6, 1934 (age 83) Alabama Senate,
U.S. House January 3, 1987
(31 years ago) (1987-01-03) 2022
Jones, DougDoug Jones[d] (1954-05-04) May 4, 1954 (age 63) U.S. Attorney January 3, 2018
(22 days ago) (2018-01-03) 2020
Alaska Murkowski, LisaLisa Murkowski (1957-05-22) May 22, 1957 (age 60) Alaska Senate December 20, 2002
(15 years ago) (2002-12-20) 2022
Sullivan, DanDan Sullivan (1964-11-13) November 13, 1964 (age 53) Alaska Attorney General,
U.S. Assistant Secretary of State January 3, 2015
(3 years ago) (2015-01-03) 2020
Arizona McCain, JohnJohn McCain (1936-08-29) August 29, 1936 (age 81) U.S. House January 3, 1987
(31 years ago) (1987-01-03) 2022
Flake, JeffJeff Flake (1962-12-31) December 31, 1962 (age 55) U.S. House January 3, 2013
(5 years ago) (2013-01-03) 2018
Arkansas Boozman, JohnJohn Boozman (1950-12-10) December 10, 1950 (age 67) Rogers Public Schools Board, U.S. House January 3, 2011
(7 years ago) (2011-01-03) 2022
Cotton, TomTom Cotton (1977-05-13) May 13, 1977 (age 40) U.S. House January 3, 2015
(3 years ago) (2015-01-03) 2020
California Feinstein, DianneDianne Feinstein (1933-06-22) June 22, 1933 (age 84) San Francisco Mayor &
Board of Supervisors November 10, 1992
(25 years ago) (1992-11-10) 2018
Harris, KamalaKamala Harris (1964-10-20) October 20, 1964 (age 53) California Attorney General, San Francisco District Attorney January 3, 2017
(12 months ago) (2017-01-03) 2022
Colorado Bennet, MichaelMichael Bennet (1964-11-28) November 28, 1964 (age 53) Denver Public Schools Superintendent January 21, 2009
(9 years ago) (2009-01-21) 2022
Gardner, CoryCory Gardner (1974-08-22) August 22, 1974 (age 43) U.S. House, Colorado House January 3, 2015
(3 years ago) (2015-01-03) 2020
Connecticut Blumenthal, RichardRichard Blumenthal (1946-02-13) February 13, 1946 (age 71) Connecticut Attorney General, House & Senate January 5, 2011
(7 years ago) (2011-01-05) 2022
Murphy, ChrisChris Murphy (1973-08-03) August 3, 1973 (age 44) U.S. House,
Connecticut House & Senate January 3, 2013
(5 years ago) (2013-01-03) 2018
Delaware Carper, TomTom Carper (1947-01-23) January 23, 1947 (age 71) Delaware Governor, U.S. House, Delaware Treasurer January 3, 2001
(17 years ago) (2001-01-03) 2018
Coons, ChrisChris Coons (1963-09-09) September 9, 1963 (age 54) New Castle County executive November 15, 2010
(7 years ago) (2010-11-15) 2020
Florida Nelson, BillBill Nelson (1942-09-29) September 29, 1942 (age 75) Florida Treasurer, U.S. House, Florida House, Astronaut January 3, 2001
(17 years ago) (2001-01-03) 2018
Rubio, MarcoMarco Rubio (1971-05-28) May 28, 1971 (age 46) Florida House Speaker January 3, 2011
(7 years ago) (2011-01-03) 2022
Georgia Isakson, JohnnyJohnny Isakson (1944-12-28) December 28, 1944 (age 73) U.S. House,
Georgia House & Senate January 3, 2005
(13 years ago) (2005-01-03) 2022
Perdue, DavidDavid Perdue (1949-12-10) December 10, 1949 (age 68) Chief Executive Officer January 3, 2015
(3 years ago) (2015-01-03) 2020
Hawaii Schatz, BrianBrian Schatz (1972-10-20) October 20, 1972 (age 45) Lieutenant Governor of Hawaii, Hawaii House December 26, 2012
(5 years ago) (2012-12-26) 2022
Hirono, MazieMazie Hirono (1947-11-03) November 3, 1947 (age 70) U.S. House, Hawaii House, Lieutenant Governor of Hawaii January 3, 2013
(5 years ago) (2013-01-03) 2018
Idaho Crapo, MikeMike Crapo (1951-05-20) May 20, 1951 (age 66) U.S. House, Idaho Senate January 3, 1999
(19 years ago) (1999-01-03) 2022
Risch, JimJim Risch (1943-05-03) May 3, 1943 (age 74) Governor & Lieutenant Governor of Idaho, Idaho Senate President pro tempore January 3, 2009
(9 years ago) (2009-01-03) 2020
Illinois Durbin, DickDick Durbin (1944-11-21) November 21, 1944 (age 73) U.S. House January 3, 1997
(21 years ago) (1997-01-03) 2020
Duckworth, TammyTammy Duckworth (1968-03-12) March 12, 1968 (age 49) U.S. House,
U.S. Assistant Secretary of Veterans Affairs,
Illinois Director of Veterans Affairs January 3, 2017
(12 months ago) (2017-01-03) 2022
Indiana Donnelly, JoeJoe Donnelly (1955-09-29) September 29, 1955 (age 62) U.S. House January 3, 2013
(5 years ago) (2013-01-03) 2018
Young, ToddTodd Young (1972-08-24) August 24, 1972 (age 45) U.S. House January 3, 2017
(12 months ago) (2017-01-03) 2022
Iowa Grassley, ChuckChuck Grassley (1933-09-17) September 17, 1933 (age 84) U.S. House, Iowa House January 3, 1981
(37 years ago) (1981-01-03) 2022
Ernst, JoniJoni Ernst (1970-07-01) July 1, 1970 (age 47) Iowa Senate January 3, 2015
(3 years ago) (2015-01-03) 2020
Kansas Roberts, PatPat Roberts (1936-04-20) April 20, 1936 (age 81) U.S. House January 3, 1997
(21 years ago) (1997-01-03) 2020
Moran, JerryJerry Moran (1954-05-29) May 29, 1954 (age 63) U.S. House, Kansas Senate January 3, 2011
(7 years ago) (2011-01-03) 2022
Kentucky McConnell, MitchMitch McConnell (1942-02-20) February 20, 1942 (age 75) U.S. Deputy Assistant Attorney General for Legislative Affairs
Judge-Executive of Jefferson County January 3, 1985
(33 years ago) (1985-01-03) 2020
Paul, RandRand Paul (1963-01-07) January 7, 1963 (age 55) Physician, congressional intern January 3, 2011
(7 years ago) (2011-01-03) 2022
Louisiana Cassidy, BillBill Cassidy (1957-09-28) September 28, 1957 (age 60) U.S. House, Louisiana Senate January 3, 2015
(3 years ago) (2015-01-03) 2020
Kennedy, JohnJohn Kennedy (1951-11-21) November 21, 1951 (age 66) Louisiana Treasurer January 3, 2017
(12 months ago) (2017-01-03) 2022
Maine Collins, SusanSusan Collins (1952-12-07) December 7, 1952 (age 65) Maine Professional and Financial Regulation Commissioner January 3, 1997
(21 years ago) (1997-01-03) 2020
King, AngusAngus King (1944-03-31) March 31, 1944 (age 73) Maine Governor January 3, 2013
(5 years ago) (2013-01-03) 2018
Maryland Cardin, BenBen Cardin (1943-10-05) October 5, 1943 (age 74) U.S. House, Speaker of the Maryland House January 3, 2007
(11 years ago) (2007-01-03) 2018
Van Hollen, ChrisChris Van Hollen (1959-01-10) January 10, 1959 (age 59) U.S. House,
Maryland General Assembly January 3, 2017
(12 months ago) (2017-01-03) 2022
Massachusetts Warren, ElizabethElizabeth Warren (1949-06-22) June 22, 1949 (age 68) COP Chair, CFPB Special Advisor, law professor January 3, 2013
(5 years ago) (2013-01-03) 2018
Markey, EdEd Markey (1946-07-11) July 11, 1946 (age 71) U.S. House,
Massachusetts House July 16, 2013
(4 years ago) (2013-07-16) 2020
Michigan Stabenow, DebbieDebbie Stabenow (1950-04-29) April 29, 1950 (age 67) U.S. House,
Michigan House & Senate January 3, 2001
(17 years ago) (2001-01-03) 2018
Peters, GaryGary Peters (1958-12-01) December 1, 1958 (age 59) U.S. House,
Michigan Senate January 3, 2015
(3 years ago) (2015-01-03) 2020
Minnesota Klobuchar, AmyAmy Klobuchar (1960-05-25) May 25, 1960 (age 57) Hennepin County Attorney January 3, 2007
(11 years ago) (2007-01-03) 2018
Smith, TinaTina Smith[e] (1958-03-04) March 4, 1958 (age 59) Minnesota Lieutenant Governor January 3, 2018
(22 days ago) (2018-01-03) 2018
Mississippi Cochran, ThadThad Cochran (1937-12-07) December 7, 1937 (age 80) U.S. House December 27, 1978
(39 years ago) (1978-12-27) 2020
Wicker, RogerRoger Wicker (1951-07-05) July 5, 1951 (age 66) U.S. House, Mississippi Senate December 31, 2007
(10 years ago) (2007-12-31) 2018
Missouri McCaskill, ClaireClaire McCaskill (1953-07-24) July 24, 1953 (age 64) Missouri Auditor,
Missouri House January 3, 2007
(11 years ago) (2007-01-03) 2018
Blunt, RoyRoy Blunt (1950-01-10) January 10, 1950 (age 68) U.S. House,
Missouri Secretary of State January 3, 2011
(7 years ago) (2011-01-03) 2022
Montana Tester, JonJon Tester (1956-08-21) August 21, 1956 (age 61) Montana Senate President January 3, 2007
(11 years ago) (2007-01-03) 2018
Daines, SteveSteve Daines (1962-08-20) August 20, 1962 (age 55) U.S. House January 3, 2015
(3 years ago) (2015-01-03) 2020
Nebraska Fischer, DebDeb Fischer (1951-03-01) March 1, 1951 (age 66) Nebraska Legislature January 3, 2013
(5 years ago) (2013-01-03) 2018
Sasse, BenBen Sasse (1972-02-22) February 22, 1972 (age 45) Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation (HHS), Midland University President January 3, 2015
(3 years ago) (2015-01-03) 2020
Nevada Heller, DeanDean Heller (1960-05-10) May 10, 1960 (age 57) U.S. House,
Nevada Secretary of State,
Nevada Assembly May 9, 2011
(6 years ago) (2011-05-09) 2018
Cortez Masto, CatherineCatherine Cortez Masto (1964-03-29) March 29, 1964 (age 53) Nevada Attorney General January 3, 2017
(12 months ago) (2017-01-03) 2022
New Hampshire Shaheen, JeanneJeanne Shaheen (1947-01-28) January 28, 1947 (age 70) New Hampshire Governor,
New Hampshire Senate January 3, 2009
(9 years ago) (2009-01-03) 2020
Hassan, MaggieMaggie Hassan (1958-02-27) February 27, 1958 (age 59) New Hampshire Governor,
New Hampshire Senate January 3, 2017
(12 months ago) (2017-01-03) 2022
New Jersey Menendez, BobBob Menendez (1954-01-01) January 1, 1954 (age 64) U.S. House,
New Jersey General Assembly, New Jersey Senate January 18, 2006
(12 years ago) (2006-01-18) 2018
Booker, CoryCory Booker (1969-04-27) April 27, 1969 (age 48) Newark Mayor October 31, 2013
(4 years ago) (2013-10-31) 2020
New Mexico Udall, TomTom Udall (1948-05-18) May 18, 1948 (age 69) U.S. House,
New Mexico Attorney General,
Assistant U.S. Attorney January 3, 2009
(9 years ago) (2009-01-03) 2020
Heinrich, MartinMartin Heinrich (1971-10-17) October 17, 1971 (age 46) U.S. House,
Albuquerque City Council January 3, 2013
(5 years ago) (2013-01-03) 2018
New York Schumer, ChuckChuck Schumer (1950-11-23) November 23, 1950 (age 67) U.S. House,
New York Assembly January 3, 1999
(19 years ago) (1999-01-03) 2022
Gillibrand, KirstenKirsten Gillibrand (1966-12-09) December 9, 1966 (age 51) U.S. House,
U.S. HUD special counsel January 26, 2009
(8 years ago) (2009-01-26) 2018
North Carolina Burr, RichardRichard Burr (1955-11-30) November 30, 1955 (age 62) U.S. House January 3, 2005
(13 years ago) (2005-01-03) 2022
Tillis, ThomThom Tillis (1960-08-30) August 30, 1960 (age 57) North Carolina House Speaker January 3, 2015
(3 years ago) (2015-01-03) 2020
North Dakota Hoeven, JohnJohn Hoeven (1957-03-13) March 13, 1957 (age 60) North Dakota Governor January 3, 2011
(7 years ago) (2011-01-03) 2022
Heitkamp, HeidiHeidi Heitkamp (1955-10-30) October 30, 1955 (age 62) North Dakota Attorney General,
Tax Commissioner January 3, 2013
(5 years ago) (2013-01-03) 2018
Ohio Brown, SherrodSherrod Brown (1952-11-09) November 9, 1952 (age 65) U.S. House,
Ohio Secretary of State,
Ohio House January 3, 2007
(11 years ago) (2007-01-03) 2018
Portman, RobRob Portman (1955-12-19) December 19, 1955 (age 62) U.S. House,
U.S. Trade Representative,
OMB Director January 3, 2011
(7 years ago) (2011-01-03) 2022
Oklahoma Inhofe, JimJim Inhofe (1934-11-17) November 17, 1934 (age 83) U.S. House, Tulsa Mayor, Oklahoma House & Senate November 17, 1994
(23 years ago) (1994-11-17) 2020
Lankford, JamesJames Lankford (1968-03-04) March 4, 1968 (age 49) U.S. House January 3, 2015
(3 years ago) (2015-01-03) 2022
Oregon Wyden, RonRon Wyden (1949-05-03) May 3, 1949 (age 68) U.S. House February 6, 1996
(21 years ago) (1996-02-06) 2022
Merkley, JeffJeff Merkley (1956-10-24) October 24, 1956 (age 61) Oregon House Speaker, Defense Department,
CBO analyst January 3, 2009
(9 years ago) (2009-01-03) 2020
Pennsylvania Casey Jr., BobBob Casey Jr. (1960-04-13) April 13, 1960 (age 57) Pennsylvania Treasurer,
Pennsylvania Auditor January 3, 2007
(11 years ago) (2007-01-03) 2018
Toomey, PatPat Toomey (1961-11-17) November 17, 1961 (age 56) U.S. House January 3, 2011
(7 years ago) (2011-01-03) 2022
Rhode Island Reed, JackJack Reed (1949-11-12) November 12, 1949 (age 68) U.S. House,
Rhode Island Senate January 3, 1997
(21 years ago) (1997-01-03) 2020
Whitehouse, SheldonSheldon Whitehouse (1955-10-20) October 20, 1955 (age 62) West Virginia Supreme Court law clerk,
Rhode Island Attorney General January 3, 2007
(11 years ago) (2007-01-03) 2018
South Carolina Graham, LindseyLindsey Graham (1955-07-09) July 9, 1955 (age 62) U.S. House,
South Carolina House January 3, 2003
(15 years ago) (2003-01-03) 2020
Scott, TimTim Scott (1965-09-19) September 19, 1965 (age 52) U.S. House,
South Carolina House,
Charleston County Council January 2, 2013
(5 years ago) (2013-01-02) 2022
South Dakota Thune, JohnJohn Thune (1961-01-07) January 7, 1961 (age 57) U.S. House, Legislative aide, South Dakota Republican Party Executive Director January 3, 2005
(13 years ago) (2005-01-03) 2022
Rounds, MikeMike Rounds (1954-10-24) October 24, 1954 (age 63) South Dakota Governor,
South Dakota Senate January 3, 2015
(3 years ago) (2015-01-03) 2020
Tennessee Alexander, LamarLamar Alexander (1940-07-03) July 3, 1940 (age 77) Tennessee Governor,
U.S. Secretary of Education January 3, 2003
(15 years ago) (2003-01-03) 2020
Corker, BobBob Corker (1952-08-24) August 24, 1952 (age 65) Chattanooga Mayor January 3, 2007
(11 years ago) (2007-01-03) 2018
Texas Cornyn, JohnJohn Cornyn (1952-02-02) February 2, 1952 (age 65) Texas Attorney General,
Texas Supreme Court
(Associate Justice) December 1, 2002
(15 years ago) (2002-12-01) 2020
Cruz, TedTed Cruz (1970-12-22) December 22, 1970 (age 47) SCOTUS law clerk,
U.S. Assoc. Deputy AG,
Texas Solicitor General January 3, 2013
(5 years ago) (2013-01-03) 2018
Utah Hatch, OrrinOrrin Hatch (1934-03-22) March 22, 1934 (age 83) Attorney January 3, 1977
(41 years ago) (1977-01-03) 2018
Lee, MikeMike Lee (1971-06-04) June 4, 1971 (age 46) Assistant U.S. Attorney January 3, 2011
(7 years ago) (2011-01-03) 2022
Vermont Leahy, PatrickPatrick Leahy (1940-03-31) March 31, 1940 (age 77) Chittenden County State's Attorney January 3, 1975
(43 years ago) (1975-01-03) 2022
Sanders, BernieBernie Sanders (1941-09-08) September 8, 1941 (age 76) Burlington Mayor, U.S. House January 3, 2007
(11 years ago) (2007-01-03) 2018
Virginia Warner, MarkMark Warner (1954-12-15) December 15, 1954 (age 63) Virginia Governor, Virginia Democratic Party Chair January 3, 2009
(9 years ago) (2009-01-03) 2020
Kaine, TimTim Kaine (1958-02-26) February 26, 1958 (age 59) Virginia Governor, Lt. Governor, Democratic National Committee Chair, Mayor of Richmond, Virginia January 3, 2013
(5 years ago) (2013-01-03) 2018
Washington Murray, PattyPatty Murray (1950-10-11) October 11, 1950 (age 67) Washington Senate,
Shoreline School Board January 3, 1993
(25 years ago) (1993-01-03) 2022
Cantwell, MariaMaria Cantwell (1958-10-13) October 13, 1958 (age 59) U.S. House, Washington House January 3, 2001
(17 years ago) (2001-01-03) 2018
West Virginia Manchin, JoeJoe Manchin (1947-08-24) August 24, 1947 (age 70) West Virginia Governor, West Virginia Secretary of State,
West Virginia House & Senate November 15, 2010
(7 years ago) (2010-11-15) 2018
Capito, Shelley MooreShelley Moore Capito (1953-11-26) November 26, 1953 (age 64) U.S. House
West Virginia House January 3, 2015
(3 years ago) (2015-01-03) 2020
Wisconsin Johnson, RonRon Johnson (1955-04-08) April 8, 1955 (age 62) Chief Executive Officer January 3, 2011
(7 years ago) (2011-01-03) 2022
Baldwin, TammyTammy Baldwin (1962-02-11) February 11, 1962 (age 55) U.S. House,
Wisconsin Assembly January 3, 2013
(5 years ago) (2013-01-03) 2018
Wyoming Enzi, MikeMike Enzi (1944-02-01) February 1, 1944 (age 73) Wyoming House & Senate January 3, 1997
(21 years ago) (1997-01-03) 2020
Barrasso, JohnJohn Barrasso (1952-07-21) July 21, 1952 (age 65) Wyoming Senate June 25, 2007
(10 years ago) (2007-06-25) 2018
See also[edit]
Seniority in the United States Senate
List of members of the United States Congress by longevity of service
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Senators Angus King of Maine and Bernie Sanders of Vermont caucus with the Democratic Party.
Jump up ^ The Vice President of the United States is the President of the Senate
Jump up ^ As Vice President, Pence represents no state, but his home state is Indiana.
Jump up ^ Democrat Doug Jones was elected to succeed Luther Strange on December 12, 2017. Jones will be up for re-election in 2020.[1]
Jump up ^ Appointed to the seat after Al Franken's resignation.[2]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Jones victorious in stunning Alabama Senate upset". AP News. Retrieved 2017-12-13.
Jump up ^ "Franken to make announcement Thursday as chorus grows for his resignation". ABC7 Chicago. 2017-12-06. Retrieved 2017-12-09.
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Deposition (phase transition)
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This article includes a list of references, related reading or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (April 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Water vapor from humid winter-air deposits directly into a solid, crystalline frost pattern on a window, without ever being liquid in the process.
Deposition is a thermodynamic process, a phase transition in which gas transforms into solid without passing through the liquid phase. The reverse of deposition is sublimation and hence sometimes deposition is called desublimation.
One example of deposition is the process by which, in sub-freezing air, water vapor changes directly to ice without first becoming a liquid. This is how snow forms in clouds, as well as how frost and hoar frost form on the ground or other surfaces. Another example is when frost forms on a leaf. For deposition to occur, thermal energy must be removed from a gas. When the air becomes cold enough, water vapor in the air surrounding the leaf loses enough thermal energy to change into a solid. Even though the air temperature may be below the dew point, the water vapor may not be able to condense spontaneously if there is no way to remove the latent heat. When the leaf is introduced, the supercooled water vapor immediately begins to condense, but by this point is already past the freezing point. This causes the water vapor to change directly into a solid.
Another example is the soot that is deposited on the walls of chimneys. Soot molecules rise from the fire in a hot and gaseous state. When they come into contact with the walls they cool, and change to the solid state, without formation of the liquid state. The process is made use of industrially in combustion chemical vapor deposition.
There is an industrial coatings process, known as evaporative deposition, whereby a solid material is heated to the gaseous state in a low-pressure chamber, the gas molecules travel across the chamber space and then condense to the solid state on a target surface, forming a smooth and thin layer on the target surface. Again, the molecules do not go through an intermediate liquid state when going from the gas to the solid. See also physical vapor deposition, which is a class of processes used to deposit thin films of various materials onto various surfaces.
Deposition releases energy and is an exothermic phase change.
See also[edit]
v
t
e
Phase transitions of matter
To
Solid
Liquid
Gas
From
Solid
— Melting Sublimation
Liquid
Freezing — Evaporation
Gas
Deposition Condensation —
,
References[edit]
Jacobson, Mark Z., Fundamentals of Atmospheric Modeling, Cambridge University Press, 2nd ed., 2005, p. 525 ISBN 978-0-521-83970-9
Moore, John W., et al., Principles of Chemistry: The Molecular Science, Brooks Cole, 2009, p. 387 ISBN 978-0-495-39079-4
Whitten, Kenneth W., et al., Chemistry, Brooks-Cole, 9th ed., 2009, p. 7 ISBN 978-0-495-39163-0
Glencoe Science "Focus on Physical Science"
[hide]
v
t
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States of matter (list)
State
Baryonic matter
Solid
Liquid
Gas / Vapor
Plasma
Low energy
Bose–Einstein condensate
Fermionic condensate
Degenerate matter
Quantum Hall
Rydberg matter
Rydberg polaron
Strange matter
Superfluid
Supersolid
Photonic matter
High energy
QCD matter
Lattice QCD
Quark–gluon plasma
Color-glass condensate
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Time crystal
Quantum spin liquid
Exotic matter
Programmable matter
Dark matter
Antimatter
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Antiferromagnet
Ferrimagnet
Ferromagnet
String-net liquid
Superglass
Transitions
Boiling
Boiling point
Condensation
Critical line
Critical point
Crystallization
Deposition
Evaporation
Flash evaporation
Freezing
Chemical ionization
Ionization
Lambda point
Melting
Melting point
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Triple point
Vaporization
Vitrification
Quantities
Enthalpy of fusion
Enthalpy of sublimation
Enthalpy of vaporization
Latent heat
Latent internal energy
Trouton's ratio
Volatility
Concepts
Binodal
Compressed fluid
Cooling curve
Equation of state
Leidenfrost effect
Macroscopic quantum phenomena
Mpemba effect
Order and disorder (physics)
Spinodal
Superconductivity
Superheated vapor
Superheating
Thermo-dielectric effect
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Longest word in English
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Not to be confused with Longest words.
The identity of the longest word in English depends upon the definition of what constitutes a word in the English language, as well as how length should be compared. In addition to words derived naturally from the language's roots (without any known intentional invention), English allows new words to be formed by coinage and construction; place names may be considered words; technical terms may be arbitrarily long. Length may be understood in terms of orthography and number of written letters, or (less commonly) phonology and the number of phonemes.
Word
Letters
Characteristics
Dispute
Methionylthreonylthreonylglutaminylalanyl...isoleucine 189,819 Chemical name of titin, the largest known protein Technical; not in dictionary; disputed whether it is a word
Methionylglutaminylarginyltyrosylglutamyl...serine 1,909 Longest published word[1] Technical
Lopadotemachoselachogaleokranioleipsano...pterygon 182 Longest word coined by a major author,[2] the longest word ever to appear in literature[3] Coined; not in dictionary; Ancient Greek transliteration
Pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis 45 Longest word in a major dictionary[4] Technical; coined to be the longest word
Supercalifragilisticexpialidocious 34 Made popular in the Mary Poppins film and musical Coined
Pseudopseudohypoparathyroidism 30 Longest non-coined word in a major dictionary[5] Technical
Floccinaucinihilipilification 29 Longest unchallenged nontechnical word Coined
Antidisestablishmentarianism 28 Longest non-coined and nontechnical word[6]
Honorificabilitudinitatibus 27 Longest word in Shakespeare's works; longest word in the English language featuring alternating consonants and vowels[7] Latin
Contents
[hide]
1 Major dictionaries
2 Creations of long words
2.1 Coinages
2.2 Agglutinative constructions
2.3 Technical terms
3 Notable long words
3.1 Place names
3.2 Personal names
3.3 Words with certain characteristics of notable length
3.3.1 Typed words
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
Major dictionaries
The longest word in any of the major English language dictionaries is pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis, a word that refers to a lung disease contracted from the inhalation of very fine silica particles,[8] specifically from a volcano; medically, it is the same as silicosis. The word was deliberately coined to be the longest word in English, and has since been used in a close approximation of its originally intended meaning, lending at least some degree of validity to its claim.[4]
The Oxford English Dictionary contains pseudopseudohypoparathyroidism (30 letters).
Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary does not contain antidisestablishmentarianism (28 letters), as the editors found no widespread, sustained usage of the word in its original meaning. The longest word in that dictionary is electroencephalographically (27 letters).[9]
The longest non-technical word in major dictionaries is floccinaucinihilipilification at 29 letters. Consisting of a series of Latin words meaning "nothing" and defined as "the act of estimating something as worthless"; its usage has been recorded as far back as 1741.[10][11][12]
Ross Eckler has noted that most of the longest English words are not likely to occur in general text, meaning non-technical present-day text seen by casual readers, in which the author did not specifically intend to use an unusually long word. According to Eckler, the longest words likely to be encountered in general text are deinstitutionalization and counterrevolutionaries, with 22 letters each.[13]
A computer study of over a million samples of normal English prose found that the longest word one is likely to encounter on an everyday basis is uncharacteristically, at 20 letters.[14]
The word internationalization is abbreviated "i18n", the embedded number representing the number of letters between the first and the last.[15][16][17]
Creations of long words
Coinages
In his play Assemblywomen (Ecclesiazousae), the ancient Greek comedic playwright Aristophanes created a word of 171 letters (183 in the transliteration below), which describes a dish by stringing together its ingredients:
Lopadotemachoselachogaleokranioleipsanodrimhypotrimmatosilphioparaomelitokatakechymenokichlepikossyphophattoperisteralektryonoptekephalliokigklopeleiolagoiosiraiobaphetraganopterygon.
Henry Carey's farce Chrononhotonthologos (1743) holds the opening line: "Aldiborontiphoscophornio! Where left you Chrononhotonthologos?"
Thomas Love Peacock put these creations into the mouth of the phrenologist Mr. Cranium in his 1816 romp Headlong Hall: osteosarchaematosplanchnochondroneuromuelous (44 characters) and osseocarnisanguineoviscericartilaginonervomedullary (51 characters).
James Joyce made up nine 100-letter words plus one 101-letter word in his novel Finnegans Wake, the most famous of which is Bababadalgharaghtakamminarronnkonnbronntonnerronntuonnthunntrovarrhounawnskawntoohoohoordenenthurnuk. Appearing on the first page, it allegedly represents the symbolic thunderclap associated with the fall of Adam and Eve. As it appears nowhere else except in reference to this passage, it is generally not accepted as a real word. Sylvia Plath made mention of it in her semi-autobiographical novel The Bell Jar, when the protagonist was reading Finnegans Wake.
"Supercalifragilisticexpialidocious", the 34-letter title of a song from the movie Mary Poppins, does appear in several dictionaries, but only as a proper noun defined in reference to the song title. The attributed meaning is "a word that you say when you don't know what to say." The idea and invention of the word is credited to songwriters Robert and Richard Sherman.
Agglutinative constructions
The English language permits the legitimate extension of existing words to serve new purposes by the addition of prefixes and suffixes. This is sometimes referred to as agglutinative construction. This process can create arbitrarily long words: for example, the prefixes pseudo (false, spurious) and anti (against, opposed to) can be added as many times as desired. A word like anti-aircraft (pertaining to the defense against aircraft) is easily extended to anti-anti-aircraft (pertaining to counteracting the defense against aircraft, a legitimate concept) and can from there be prefixed with an endless stream of "anti-"s, each time creating a new level of counteraction. More familiarly, the addition of numerous "great"s to a relative, e.g. great-great-great-grandfather, can produce words of arbitrary length. In musical notation, a 8192nd note may be called a semihemidemisemihemidemisemihemidemisemiquaver.
Antidisestablishmentarianism is the longest common example of a word formed by agglutinative construction.
Technical terms
Parastratiosphecomyia sphecomyioides
A number of scientific naming schemes can be used to generate arbitrarily long words.
The IUPAC nomenclature for organic chemical compounds is open-ended, giving rise to the 189,819-letter chemical name Methionylthreonylthreonyl...isoleucine for the protein also known as titin, which is involved in striated muscle formation. In nature, DNA molecules can be much bigger than protein molecules and therefore potentially be referred to with much longer chemical names. For example, the wheat chromosome 3B contains almost 1 billion base pairs,[18] so the sequence of one of its strands, if written out in full like Adenilyladenilylguanilylcystidylthymidyl..., would be about 8 billion letters long. The longest published word, Acetylseryltyrosylseryliso...serine, referring to the coat protein of a certain strain of tobacco mosaic virus, was 1,185 letters long, and appeared in the American Chemical Society's Chemical Abstracts Service in 1964 and 1966.[19] In 1965, the Chemical Abstracts Service overhauled its naming system and started discouraging excessively long names.
John Horton Conway and Landon Curt Noll developed an open-ended system for naming powers of 10, in which one sexmilliaquingentsexagintillion, coming from the Latin name for 6560, is the name for 103(6560+1) = 1019683. Under the long number scale, it would be 106(6560) = 1039360. Jonathan Bowers has developed a system for even larger numbers (enneenneconteennahecteika-enneenneconteennahectenedaka-enneenneconteennahecteyodaka-enneenneconteennahectezedaka-enneenneconteennahecteexdaka-enneenneconteennahectepedaka-enneennecontehectetedaka-enneenneconteennahectetradaka-enneenneconteennahectedoka-enneenneconteennahectehendaka-enneenneconteennahectedaka-enneenneconteennahectexenna-enneenneconteennahecteyotta-enneenneconteennahectezetta-enneenneconteennahecteexa-enneenneconteennahectepeta-enneenneconteennahectetera-enneenneconteennahectegiga-enneenneconteennahectemega-enneenneconteennahectekilla-enneenneconteennahectillion for 10 3 ∗ 10 3 ∗ 10 63 − 3 + 3 {\displaystyle 10^{3*10^{3*10^{63}-3}+3}} ).[20]
Gammaracanthuskytodermogammarus loricatobaicalensis is sometimes cited as the longest binomial name—it is a kind of amphipod. However, this name, proposed by B. Dybowski, was invalidated by the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature in 1929 after being petitioned by Mary J. Rathbun to take up the case.[21]
Parastratiosphecomyia stratiosphecomyioides is the longest accepted binomial name. It is a species of soldier fly.[22]
Aequeosalinocalcalinoceraceoaluminosocupreovitriolic, at 52 letters, describing the spa waters at Bath, England, is attributed to Dr. Edward Strother (1675–1737).[23] The word is composed of the following elements:
Aequeo: equal (Latin, aequo[24])
Salino: containing salt (Latin, salinus)
Calcalino: calcium (Latin, calx)
Ceraceo: waxy (Latin, cera)
Aluminoso: alumina (Latin)
Cupreo: from "copper"
Vitriolic: resembling vitriol
Notable long words
Place names
The sign at Taumatawhakatangihangakoauauotamateapokaiwhenuakitanatahu
The station sign at Llanfairpwllgwyngyllgogerychwyrndrobwllllantysiliogogogoch in North Wales
Main article: List of long place names
The longest officially recognized place name in an English-speaking country is Taumatawhakatangihangakoauauotamateapokaiwhenuakitanatahu (57 letters), which is a hill in New Zealand. The name is in the Māori language. A longer and widely recognised version of the name is Taumatawhakatangihangakoauauotamateaturipukakapikimaungahoronukupokaiwhenuakitanatahu (85 letters), which appears on the signpost at the location (see the photo on this page). In Māori, the digraphs ng and wh are each treated as single letters.
In Canada, the longest place name is Dysart, Dudley, Harcourt, Guilford, Harburn, Bruton, Havelock, Eyre and Clyde, a township in Ontario, at 61 letters or 68 non-space characters.[25]
The longest non-contrived place name in the United Kingdom which is a single non-hyphenated word is Cottonshopeburnfoot (19 letters) and the longest which is hyphenated is Sutton-under-Whitestonecliffe (29 characters).
The longest place name in the United States (45 letters) is Chargoggagoggmanchauggagoggchaubunagungamaugg, a lake in Webster, Massachusetts. It means "Fishing Place at the Boundaries – Neutral Meeting Grounds" and is sometimes facetiously translated as "you fish your side of the water, I fish my side of the water, nobody fishes the middle". The lake is also known as Webster Lake.[26] The longest hyphenated names in the U.S. are Winchester-on-the-Severn, a town in Maryland, and Washington-on-the-Brazos, a notable place in Texas history.
The longest official geographical name in Australia is Mamungkukumpurangkuntjunya.[27] It has 26 letters and is a Pitjantjatjara word meaning "where the Devil urinates".[28]
In Ireland, the longest English placename at 19 letters is Newtownmountkennedy in County Wicklow.
See also: List of short place names
Personal names
Guinness World Records formerly contained a category for longest personal name used.
From about 1975 to 1985, the recordholder was Adolph Blaine Charles David Earl Frederick Gerald Hubert Irvin John Kenneth Lloyd Martin Nero Oliver Paul Quincy Randolph Sherman Thomas Uncas Victor William Xerxes Yancy Zeus Wolfeschlegelsteinhausenbergerdorffvoralternwarengewissenhaftschaferswessenschafewarenwohlgepflegeundsorgfaltigkeitbeschutzenvonangreifendurchihrraubgierigfeindewelchevoralternzwolftausendjahresvorandieerscheinenwanderersteerdemenschderraumschiffgebrauchlichtalsseinursprungvonkraftgestartseinlangefahrthinzwischensternartigraumaufdersuchenachdiesternwelchegehabtbewohnbarplanetenkreisedrehensichundwohinderneurassevonverstandigmenschlichkeitkonntefortplanzenundsicherfreuenanlebenslanglichfreudeundruhemitnichteinfurchtvorangreifenvonandererintelligentgeschopfsvonhinzwischensternartigraum, Senior (746 letters), also known as Wolfe+585, Senior.
After 1985 Guinness briefly awarded the record to a newborn girl with a longer name. The category was removed shortly afterward.
Long birth names are often coined in protest of naming laws or for other personal reasons.
The naming law in Sweden was challenged by parents Lasse Diding and Elisabeth Hallin, who proposed the given name "Brfxxccxxmnpcccclllmmnprxvclmnckssqlbb11116" for their child (pronounced [ˈalbɪn], 43 characters), which was rejected by a district court in Halmstad, southern Sweden.
Words with certain characteristics of notable length
This section possibly contains original research. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. (August 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Main article: List of the longest English words with one syllable
Schmaltzed and strengthed (10 letters) appear to be the longest monosyllabic words recorded in The Oxford English Dictionary, while scraunched and scroonched appear to be the longest monosyllabic words recorded in Webster's Third New International Dictionary; but squirrelled (11 letters) is the longest if pronounced as one syllable only (as permitted in The Shorter Oxford English Dictionary and Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary at squirrel, and in Longman Pronunciation Dictionary). Schtroumpfed (12 letters) was coined by Umberto Eco, while broughammed (11 letters) was coined by William Harmon after broughamed (10 letters) was coined by George Bernard Shaw.
Strengths is the longest word in the English language containing only one vowel.
Euouae, a medieval musical term, is the longest English word consisting only of vowels, and the word with the most consecutive vowels. However, the "word" itself is simply a mnemonic consisting of the vowels to be sung in the phrase "seculorum Amen" at the end of the lesser doxology. (Although u was often used interchangeably with v, and the variant "Evovae" is occasionally used, the v in these cases would still be a vowel.)
The longest words with no repeated letters are dermatoglyphics, misconjugatedly and uncopyrightables.[29]
The longest word whose letters are in alphabetical order is the eight-letter Aegilops, a grass genus. However, this is arguably both Latin and a proper noun. There are several six-letter English words with their letters in alphabetical order, including abhors, almost, begins, biopsy, chimps and chintz.[30]
The longest words recorded in OED with each vowel only once, and in order, are abstemiously, affectiously, and tragediously (OED). Fracedinously and gravedinously (constructed from adjectives in OED) have thirteen letters; Gadspreciously, constructed from Gadsprecious (in OED), has fourteen letters. Facetiously is among the few other words directly attested in OED with single occurrences of all five vowels and the semivowel y.
The longest single palindromic word in English is rotavator, another name for a rotary tiller for breaking and aerating soil.
Typed words
The longest words typable with only the left hand using conventional hand placement on a QWERTY keyboard are tesseradecades, aftercataracts,[31] and the more common but sometimes hyphenated sweaterdresses.[30] Using the right hand alone, the longest word that can be typed is johnny-jump-up, or, excluding hyphens, monimolimnion[32] and phyllophyllin.
The longest English word typable using only the top row of letters has 11 letters: rupturewort. Similar words with 10 letters include: pepperwort, perpetuity, proprietor, requietory, repertoire, tripertite, pourriture and (fittingly) typewriter. The word teetertotter (used in North American English) is longer at 12 letters, although it is usually spelled with a hyphen.
The longest using only the middle row is shakalshas (10 letters). Nine-letter words include flagfalls, galahads and alfalfas.
Since the bottom row contains no vowels, no standard words can be formed. Exceptions might include Zzz, seen in some dictionaries to denote sleep, or m', the clitic form of my.[33]
The longest words typable by alternating left and right hands are antiskepticism and leucocytozoans respectively.[30]
On a Dvorak keyboard, the longest "left-handed" words are epopoeia, jipijapa, peekapoo, and quiaquia.[34] Other such long words are papaya, Kikuyu, opaque, and upkeep.[35] Kikuyu is typed entirely with the index finger, and so the longest one-fingered word on the Dvorak keyboard. There are no vowels on the right-hand side, and so the longest "right-handed" word is crwth.
See also
Donaudampfschiffahrtselektrizitätenhauptbetriebswerkbauunterbeamtengesellschaft, longest published word in German
Lipogram
List of the longest English words with one syllable
Longest English sentence
Longest word in Spanish
Longest word in Turkish
Number of words in English
Scriptio continua
Sesquipedalianism
References
Jump up ^ Colista Moore (2011). Student's Dictionary. p. 524. ISBN 978-1-934669-21-1.
Jump up ^ see separate article Lopado...pterygon
Jump up ^ Donald McFarlan; Norris Dewar McWhirter; David A. Boeh (1989). Guinness book of world records: 1990. Sterling. p. 129. ISBN 978-0-8069-5790-6.
^ Jump up to: a b Coined around 1935 to be the longest word; press reports on puzzle league members legitimized it somewhat. First appeared in the MWNID supplement, 1939. Today OED and several others list it, but citations are almost always as "longest word". More detail at pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis.
Jump up ^ "What is the longest English word?". AskOxford. Archived from the original on 2012-04-12. Retrieved 2010-08-22.
Jump up ^ "What is the longest English word?". oxforddictionaries.com.
Jump up ^ http://www.innocentenglish.com/cool-interesting-and-strange-facts/cool-strange-and-interesting-facts-page-3-3.html See fact #99
Jump up ^ "pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis – definition of pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis in English from the Oxford dictionary". oxforddictionaries.com.
Jump up ^ "The Longest Word in the Dictionary" (Video). Ask the Editor. Merriam-Webster. Retrieved 14 November 2013.
Jump up ^ "Floccinaucinihilipilification" by Michael Quinion World Wide Words;
Jump up ^ The Guinness Book of Records, in its 1992 and previous editions, declared the longest real word in the English language to be floccinaucinihilipilification. More recent editions of the book have acknowledged pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis. What is the longest English word? - Oxford Dictionaries Online
Jump up ^ In recent times its usage has been recorded in the proceedings of the United States Senate by Senator Robert Byrd Discussion between Sen. Moynihan and Sen. Byrd "Mr. President, may I say to the distinguished Senator from New York, I used that word on the Senate floor myself 2 or 3 years ago. I cannot remember just when or what the occasion was, but I used it on that occasion to indicate that whatever it was I was discussing it was something like a mere trifle or nothing really being of moment." Congressional Record June 17, 1991, p. S7887, and at the White House by Bill Clinton's press secretary Mike McCurry, albeit sarcastically. December 6, 1995, White House Press Briefing in discussing Congressional Budget Office estimates and assumptions: "But if you – as a practical matter of estimating the economy, the difference is not great. There's a little bit of floccinaucinihilipilification going on here."
Jump up ^ Eckler, R. Making the Alphabet Dance, p 252, 1996.
Jump up ^ "Longest Common Words – Modern". Maltron.com. Archived from the original on 27 April 2009. Retrieved 2010-08-22.
Jump up ^ "Glossary of W3C Jargon". World Wide Web Consortium. Retrieved 2008-10-13.
Jump up ^ "Origin of the Abbreviation I18n".
Jump up ^ "Localization vs. Internationalization". World Wide Web Consortium.
Jump up ^ Paux et al. (2008) Science, Vol. 322 (5898) 101-104. A Physical Map of the 1-Gigabase Bread Wheat Chromosome 3B [1]
Jump up ^ Chemical Abstracts Formula Index, Jan.-June 1964, Page 967F; Chemical Abstracts 7th Coll. Formulas, C23H32-Z, 56-65, 1962–1966, Page 6717F
Jump up ^ Sbiis Sabaian's "Large Numbers" website
Jump up ^ "Opinion 105. Dybowski's (1926) Names of Crustacea Suppressed". Opinions Rendered by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature: Opinions 105 to 114. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections. 73 (6). 1929. pp. 1–3. hdl:10088/23619  . BHL page 8911139.
Jump up ^ rjk. "World's longest name of an animal. Parastratiosphecomyia stratiosphecomyioides Stratiomyid Fly Soldier Fly". thelongestlistofthelongeststuffatthelongestdomainnameatlonglast.com.
Jump up ^ cited in some editions of the Guinness Book of Records as the longest word in English, see Askoxford.com on the longest English word Archived April 12, 2012, at WebCite
Jump up ^ [2][dead link]
Jump up ^ "GeoNames Government of Canada site". Archived from the original on 2009-02-06.
Jump up ^ Belluck, Pam (2004-11-20). "What's the Name of That Lake? It's Hard to Say". The New York Times.
Jump up ^ "Geoscience Australia Gazeteer". Archived from the original on 2007-10-01.
Jump up ^ "South Australian State Gazeteer". Archived from the original on 2007-10-01.
Jump up ^ "Fun With Words: Word Oddities". Rinkworks.com. Retrieved 2010-08-22.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Typewriter Words". Questrel.com. Retrieved 2010-08-22.
Jump up ^ "Science Links Japan | Two Unique Aftercataracts Requiring Surgical Removal". Sciencelinks.jp. 2009-03-18. Archived from the original on 2011-02-17. Retrieved 2010-08-22.
Jump up ^ "Dictionary entry for monimolimnion, a word that, at 13 letters, is longer than any of the words linked in the source above". Retrieved 2009-08-15.
Jump up ^ "Word Records". Fun-with-words.com. Retrieved 2012-08-13.
Jump up ^ "Typewriter Words". Wordnik.com. Retrieved 2011-01-15.
Jump up ^ "The Dvorak Keyboard and You". Theworldofstuff.com. Archived from the original on 2010-08-20. Retrieved 2010-08-22.
External links
Wiktionary has a category on Long English words
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A Collection of Word Oddities and Trivia – Long words
Long words (chemical names)
Long words (place names)
What is the longest English word?, AskOxford.com "Ask the Experts"
What is the Longest Word?, Fun-With-Words.com
Full chemical name of titin.
Taxonomy of Wordplay
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