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Category:Hindu temples in Uttar Pradesh
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Subcategories
This category has the following 2 subcategories, out of 2 total.
M
► Hindu temples in Mathura district (12 P)
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► Hindu temples in Varanasi (18 P)
Pages in category "Hindu temples in Uttar Pradesh"
The following 50 pages are in this category, out of 50 total. This list may not reflect recent changes (learn more).
A
Alopi Devi Mandir
B
Baba Gangeshwarnath Dham
Belon Temple
Bhandari Devi temple
Bhitargaon
Brahma Kuti Temple
C
Chandikan Devi Temple
Chandrika Devi Temple, Lucknow
Chauharjan Devi Temple
D
Dashavatara Temple, Deogarh
Diyawan Mahadev
Dukh Haran Nath Temple
G
Ghuisarnath Temple
Gola Gokaran Nath Temple
Gorakhnath Math
H
Hajari Mahadev Temple
Hanumangarhi
J
Jarai-ka-Math
JK Temple
Junglee Nath
Jwaladevi Temple
K
Kamakshi Devi Temple, Pratapgarh
Krishna Mandir, Barohiya
L
Lamorvan mandir (Tyagi Baba mandir)
Lehara Durga Mandir
Lodheshwar Mahadev Mandir
M
Maa Kaali & Bhagwan Shankar Temple
Madidai Ka Mandir
Makhauda Dham
Mankameshwar Temple
N
Naam yog Sadhna Mandir
Nayar Devi Temple
Neelkantheshwar
List of Hindu temples in Bareilly
P
Parhul Devi Temple
Belha Devi Temple
R
Ram Janmabhoomi
Ram Lalla Temple
Ramrekha Mandir
Renukeshwar Mahadev Temple
S
Sankat Mochan Hanuman Temple, Lucknow
Shakumbhri Devi
Shivdwar
Shringirishi Temples in Bundelkhand
Sita Samahit Sthal
Sri Ramakrishna Math, Lucknow
T
Template:Temples in Varanasi
V
Vandevi Temple
W
Waneshwar Mahadev Temple
Τ
Template:Hindu temples in Uttar Pradesh
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Market power
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Competition law
Basic concepts
History of competition law
Monopoly
Coercive monopoly
Natural monopoly
Barriers to entry
Herfindahl–Hirschman Index
Market concentration
Market power
SSNIP test
Relevant market
Merger control
Anti-competitive practices
Monopolization
Collusion
Formation of cartels
Price fixing
Bid rigging
Product bundling and tying
Refusal to deal
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In economics and particularly in industrial organization, market power is the ability of a firm to profitably raise the market price of a good or service over marginal cost. In perfectly competitive markets, market participants have no market power. A firm with total market power can raise prices without losing any customers to competitors. Market participants that have market power are therefore sometimes referred to as "price makers" or "price setters", while those without are sometimes called "price takers". Significant market power occurs when prices exceed marginal cost and long run average cost, so the firm makes profit.
A firm with market power has the ability to individually affect either the total quantity or the prevailing price in the market. Price makers face a downward-sloping demand curve, such that price increases lead to a lower quantity demanded. The decrease in supply as a result of the exercise of market power creates an economic deadweight loss which is often viewed as socially undesirable. As a result, many countries have anti-trust or other legislation intended to limit the ability of firms to accrue market power. Such legislation often regulates mergers and sometimes introduces a judicial power to compel divestiture.
A firm usually has market power by virtue of controlling a large portion of the market. In extreme cases—monopoly and monopsony—the firm controls the entire market. However, market size alone is not the only indicator of market power. Highly concentrated markets may be contestable if there are no barriers to entry or exit, limiting the incumbent firm's ability to raise its price above competitive levels.
Market power gives firms the ability to engage in unilateral anti-competitive behavior.[1] Some of the behaviours that firms with market power are accused of engaging in include predatory pricing, product tying, and creation of overcapacity or other barriers to entry. If no individual participant in the market has significant market power, then anti-competitive behavior can take place only through collusion, or the exercise of a group of participants' collective market power.
The Lerner index and Herfindahl index may be used to measure market power.
Contents
[hide]
1 Oligopoly
2 Monopoly power
3 Source
4 Measurement
5 Elasticity of demand
6 Nobel Memorial Prize
7 See also
8 References
9 Further references
Oligopoly[edit]
When several firms control a significant share of market sales, the resulting market structure is called an oligopoly or oligopsony. An oligopoly may engage in collusion, either tacit or overt, and thereby exercise market power. A group of firms that explicitly agree to affect market price or output is called a cartel.
Monopoly power[edit]
Monopoly power is an example of market failure which occurs when one or more of the participants has the ability to influence the price or other outcomes in some general or specialized market. The most commonly discussed form of market power is that of a monopoly, but other forms such as monopsony, and more moderate versions of these two extremes, exist.
A well-known example of monopolistic market power is Microsoft's market share in PC operating systems. The United States v. Microsoft case dealt with an allegation that Microsoft illegally exercised its market power by bundling its web browser with its operating system. In this respect, the notion of dominance and dominant position in EU Antitrust Law is a strictly related aspect.[2]
Source[edit]
A monopoly can raise prices and retain customers because the monopoly has no competitors. If a customer has no other place to go to obtain the goods or services, they either pay the increased price or do without.[3] Thus the key to market power is to preclude competition through high barriers of entry. Barriers to entry that are significant sources of market power are control of scarce resources, increasing returns to scale, technological superiority and government created barriers to entry.[4] OPEC is an example of an organization that has market power due to control over scarce resources — oil. Increasing returns to scale are another important source of market power. Firms experiencing increasing returns to scale are also experiencing decreasing average total costs.[4] Firms in such industries become more profitable with size.[4] Therefore over time the industry is dominated by a few large firms. This dominance makes it difficult for start up firms to succeed.[4] Firms like power companies, cable television companies and wireless communication companies with large start up costs fall within this category. A company wishing to enter such industries must have the financial ability to spend millions of dollars before starting operations and generating any revenue.[5] Similarly established firms also have a competitive advantage over new firms. An established firm threatened by a new competitor can lower prices to drive out the competition. Microsoft is a firm that has substantial pricing or market power due to technological superiority in its design and production processes.[4] Finally government created barriers to entry can be a source of market power. A prime example are patents granted to pharmaceutical companies. These patents give the drug companies a virtual monopoly in the protected product for the term of the patent.
Measurement[edit]
Concentration ratios are the most common measures of market power.[6] The four-firm concentration ratio measures the percentage of total industry output attributable to the top four companies. For monopolies the four firm ratio is 100 per cent while the ratio is zero for perfect competition.[7] The four firm concentration domestic (U.S) ratios for cigarettes is 93%; for automobiles, 84% and for beer, 85%.[8]
Another measure of concentration is the Herfindahl-Hirschman Index (HHI) which is calculated by "summing the squares of the percentage market shares of all participants in the market".[8] The HHI index for perfect competition is zero; for monopoly, 10,000.
U.S. courts almost never consider a firm to possess market power if it has a market share of less than 50 percent.[9]
Elasticity of demand[edit]
Market power is the ability to raise price above marginal cost (MC) and earn a positive profit.[10] The degree to which a firm can raise price (P) above marginal cost depends on the shape of the demand curve at the profit maximizing output.[10] That is, elasticity is the critical factor in determining market power. The relationship between market power and the price elasticity of demand (PED) can be summarized by the equation:
P M C = P E D 1 + P E D . {\displaystyle {\frac {P}{MC}}={\frac {PED}{1+PED}}.}
Note that PED will be negative, so the ratio is always greater than one. The higher the P/MC ratio, the more market power the firm possesses. As PED increases in magnitude, the P/MC ratio approaches one, and market power approaches zero.[11] The equation is derived from the monopolist pricing rule:
P − M C P = − 1 P E D . {\displaystyle {\frac {P-MC}{P}}=-{\frac {1}{PED}}.}
Nobel Memorial Prize[edit]
Jean Tirole was awarded the 2014 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences for his analysis of market power and economic regulation.
See also[edit]
Bargaining power
Imperfect competition
Market concentration
Natural monopoly
Predatory pricing
Price discrimination
Dominance (economics)
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Vatiero Massimiliano (2010). "The Ordoliberal notion of market power: an institutionalist reassessment". European Competition Journal. 6 (3): 689–707. doi:10.5235/ecj.v6n3.689.
Jump up ^ Vatiero M. (2009), "An Institutionalist Explanation of Market Dominances". World Competition. Law and Economics Review, 32(2):221–226.
Jump up ^ If the power company raised rates the customer either pays the increase or does without power.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Krugman & Wells, Microeconomics 2d ed. (Worth 2009)
Jump up ^ Often such natural monopolies will also have the benefit of government granted monopolies.
Jump up ^ Samuelson & Nordhaus, Microeconomics, 17th ed. (McGraw-Hill 2001) at 183–184.
Jump up ^ Samuelson & Nordhaus, Microeconomics, 17th ed. (McGraw-Hill 2001) at 183.
^ Jump up to: a b Samuelson & Nordhaus, Microeconomics, 17th ed. (McGraw-Hill 2001) at 184.
Jump up ^ J. Gregory Sidak & Hal J. Singer, Überregulation Without Economics: The World Trade Organization’s Decision in the U.S.-Mexico Arbitration on Telecommunications Services, General Agreement on Trade in Services, GATS, 57 FED. COMM. L.J. 1, 34 (2004), http://www.repository.law.indiana.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1388&context=fclj.
^ Jump up to: a b Perloff, J: Microeconomics Theory & Applications with Calculus page 369. Pearson 2008.
Jump up ^ Perloff, J: Microeconomics Theory & Applications with Calculus Pearson 2008.
Further references[edit]
Brickley, Smith and Zimmerman. "7". Managerial Economics and Organizational Architecture (3rd ed.). McGraw-Hill. ISBN 978-0073375823.
"The Theory of Industrial Organization", Tirole, MIT Press 1988
[hide]
v
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Institutional economics
Institutional economists
Werner Abelshauser
Clarence Edwin Ayres
Joe S. Bain
Shimshon Bichler
Robert A. Brady
Daniel Bromley
Ha-Joon Chang
John Maurice Clark
John R. Commons
Richard T. Ely
Robert H. Frank
John Kenneth Galbraith
Walton Hale Hamilton
Orris C. Herfindahl
Albert O. Hirschman
Geoffrey Hodgson
János Kornai
Simon Kuznets
Hunter Lewis
Jesse W. Markham
Wesley Clair Mitchell
Gunnar Myrdal
Jonathan Nitzan
Warren Samuels
François Simiand
Herbert A. Simon
Frank Stilwell
George W. Stocking Sr.
Lars Pålsson Syll
Thorstein Veblen
Edward Lawrence Wheelwright
Erich Zimmermann
Key concepts and ideas
Accelerator effect
Administered prices
Barriers to entry
Bounded rationality
Conspicuous consumption
Conspicuous leisure
Conventional wisdom
Countervailing power
Effective competition
Herfindahl index
Hiding hand principle
Hirschman cycle
Instrumentalism
Kuznets cycles
Market concentration
Market power
Market structure
Penalty of taking the lead
Satisficing
Shortage economy
Structure–conduct–performance paradigm
Technostructure
Theory of two-level planning
Veblen goods
Veblenian dichotomy
Related fields
Behavioral Economics
Development economics
Economic sociology
English historical school of economics
French historical school
Historical school of economics
Legal realism
New Institutional Economics
Post-Keynesian economics
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El Paso (song)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article is about the Marty Robbins song. For the Taking Back Sunday song, see Taking Back Sunday (album).
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (August 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
"El Paso"
El Paso by Marty Robbins
Single by Marty Robbins
from the album Gunfighter Ballads and Trail Songs
B-side
"Running Gun"
Released
October 26, 1959
Format
7"
Recorded
April 1959
Genre
Country, Tex-Mex
Length
4:38
Label
Columbia
Songwriter(s)
Marty Robbins
Producer(s)
Don Law
Marty Robbins singles chronology
"Cap and Gown"
(1959) "El Paso"
(1959) "Big Iron"
(1960)
"Cap and Gown"
(1959) "El Paso"
(1959) "Big Iron"
(1960)
Audio sample
file
help
"El Paso" is a country and western ballad written and originally recorded by Marty Robbins, and first released on Gunfighter Ballads and Trail Songs in September 1959. It was released as a single the following month, and became a major hit on both the country and pop music charts, reaching number one in both at the start of 1960. It won the Grammy Award for Best Country & Western Recording in 1961, and remains Robbins' best-known song. It is widely considered a genre classic for its gripping narrative which ends in the death of its protagonist, its shift from past to present tense, haunting harmonies by vocalists Bobby Sykes and Jim Glaser (of the Glaser Brothers) and the eloquent and varied Spanish guitar accompaniment by Grady Martin that lends the recording a distinctive Tex-Mex feel. The name of the character Feleena[1] was based upon a schoolmate of Robbins in the fifth grade—Fidelina Martinez.[2]
Members of the Western Writers of America chose El Paso as one of the Top 100 Western songs of all time.[3]
Contents
[hide]
1 The song's storyline
2 Chart performance
3 Other versions
4 Sequels
4.1 Feleena (From El Paso)
4.2 El Paso City
5 References
5.1 Notes
6 External links
The song's storyline[edit]
There have been three versions of Robbins' original recording of "El Paso": the original full-length version, the edited version, and the abbreviated version (briefly described below), which is an alternate take in stereo. The original version is in mono and is around 4 minutes and 38 seconds in duration, far longer than most contemporary singles at the time, especially in the country genre. Robbins' longtime record company, Columbia Records, was unsure whether radio stations would play such a long song, so it released two versions of the song on a promo 45:[4] the full-length version on one side, and an edited version on the other which was nearer to the three-minute mark. This version omitted some excerpts of lyrics of the original. Most of the record-buying public, as well as most disk jockeys, overwhelmingly preferred the full-length version.
"Out in the west Texas town of El Paso, I fell in love with a Mexican girl..."
The song is a first-person narrative about an ill-fated love triangle, as sung by a cowboy in El Paso, Texas, in the days of the Wild West. The singer recalls how he frequented a nightclub called "Rosa's Cantina," where he became smitten with a young Mexican dancer named Feleena. When the singer notices another cowboy sharing a drink with "wicked Feleena," he challenges the newcomer to a gunfight out of jealousy over the young woman. The singer kills the newcomer, then flees El Paso for fear of being hanged for murder or killed in revenge by his victim's entourage. (The abbreviated version of the song, often found on compilations, omits a verse in which the singer expresses shock and remorse over the "foul evil deed I had done" before realizing he has to flee.) In the act of fleeing, the singer commits the additional and potentially hanging offense of horse theft ("I caught a good one, it looked like it could run"), further sealing his fate in El Paso. Departing El Paso, the singer hides out in the "badlands of New Mexico."
The song then fast-forwards to an undisclosed time later, when the singer describes his yearning for Feleena that drives him to return to El Paso, without regard for his own life: "It's been so long since I've seen the young maiden / My love is stronger than my fear of death."[4] Upon arriving, the singer is chased and fatally wounded by a posse. At the end of the song, the singer recounts how Feleena has "found me," and he dies in her arms after "one little kiss."
Chart performance[edit]
Chart (1959)
Peak
position
U.S. Billboard Hot C&W Sides[5] 1
US Billboard Hot 100[6] 1
Coincidentally, "El Paso" was followed in the Hot 100 No. 1 position by Johnny Preston's "Running Bear", another song in which the protagonist of the song dies although the story of Running Bear is not told in the first person.
Other versions[edit]
"El Paso" was frequently performed by the Grateful Dead in concert. The song entered the band's repertoire in 1969, and remained there until the band's demise in 1995; in total, it was performed 389 times.[7] It was sung by rhythm guitarist Bob Weir, with Jerry Garcia contributing harmony vocals. On the album Ladies and Gentlemen... The Grateful Dead, Bob Weir introduces the song as the Dead's "most requested number".
The alternative country band Old 97's have also covered this song but instead of in the traditional 3/4 time, they hammered it out in 4/4. Their cover appears on Hit by a Train: The Best of Old 97's as well as the King of the Hill original TV soundtrack.
Grady Martin released an instrumental version in 1965 on his Instrumentally Yours album.[8]
El Paso has also been recorded by Max Stalling, Michael Martin Murphey, Tom Russell, The Mills Brothers, and Jason and the Scorchers.
After Lolita along with her Western Trio had a hit in the US with Seemann (Deine Heimat ist das Meer) she reciprocated by recording a German version of the song which became a hit in the German world and contributed to a long series of bi-national songs such as Wenn der Sommer Kommt and two songs which would top the U.S. country charts thirteen years later as performed by Marie Osmond Lieber Jonny, Komm doch Wieder and Das einsame Haus in Waikiki.
A parody version, "El Pizza" by H. B. Barnum, was a radio hit in 1960. It moved the action to Azusa, California, where Rosa's Cantina became a pizza place where Feleena worked as a waitress.
Homer and Jethro also parodied the song ("Velvita's Cafe had standing room only; wall-to-wall drunks all the way to the door. I looked around for a place I could sit down; a lady got up, and I grabbed her char . . . ."[not "chair"). "I asked her where have you been all my life; she answered, 'Most of it I wasn't born'."
Blaine L. Reininger, a founding musician of San Francisco band Tuxedomoon, included this song on his 1989 solo album Book of Hours.
In the late 1980s a modified version of "El Paso" (Miners Fight) became known as the Official Fight song of the University of Texas at El Paso Miners.
Sequels[edit]
Robbins wrote two songs that are explicit sequels to "El Paso", one in 1966, one in 1976. (He also wrote other songs that told Western stories in a similar vein, but they are not sequels to "El Paso", as they involve none of the same characters.)
Feleena (From El Paso)[edit]
In 1966, Robbins recorded "Feleena (From El Paso)", telling the life story of Feleena, the "Mexican girl" from "El Paso", in a third-person narrative. This track was over eight minutes long. Robbins wrote most of it in Phoenix, Arizona, but went to El Paso seeking inspiration for the conclusion.
Born in a desert shack in New Mexico during a thunderstorm, Feleena runs away from home at 17, living off her charms for a year in Santa Fe, before moving to the brighter lights of El Paso to become a paid dancer. After another year, the narrator of "El Paso" arrives, the first man she did not have contempt for. He spends six weeks romancing her, before shooting another man with whom she was flirting through "insane jealousy" in a retelling of the key moment in the original song. Her lover's return to El Paso comes only a day after his flight (the original song suggests a longer timeframe before his return) and as she goes to run to him, the cowboy motions to her to stay out of the line of fire and is shot; immediately after his dying kiss, Feleena shoots herself with his gun. Their ghosts are heard to this day in the wind blowing around El Paso: "It's only the young cowboy showing Feleena the town".
El Paso City[edit]
In 1976 Robbins released another reworking, "El Paso City", in which the present-day singer is a passenger on a flight over El Paso, which reminds him of a song he had heard "long ago," proceeding to summarize the original "El Paso" story. "I don't recall who sang the song," he sings, but he feels a supernatural connection to the story: "Could it be that I could be the cowboy in this mystery...," he asks, suggesting a past life. This song was a country number one. The arrangement includes riffs and themes from the previous two El Paso songs. Robbins wrote it while flying over El Paso in, he reported, the same amount of time it takes to sing--four minutes and fourteen seconds. It was only the second time that ever happened to him; the first time was when he composed the original "El Paso" as fast as he could write it down. Robbins intended to do one more sequel, “The Mystery of Old El Paso,” but he died in late 1982 before he could finish the final song.
References[edit]
Liner notes by Rich Keinzle, July 1991, to The Essential Marty Robbins: 1951-1982 Columbia Records 468909-2
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ https://www.discogs.com/de/Marty-Robbins-The-Drifter/release/3462152
Jump up ^ Diane Diekman (2012), Twentieth Century Drifter: The Life of Marty Robbins, University of Illinois Press, p. 17, ISBN 9780252094200
Jump up ^ Western Writers of America (2010). "The Top 100 Western Songs". American Cowboy. Archived from the original on 10 August 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b Marty Robbins interviewed on the Pop Chronicles (1969)
Jump up ^ Whitburn, Joel (2004). The Billboard Book Of Top 40 Country Hits: 1944-2006, Second edition. Record Research. p. 293.
Jump up ^ "Marty Robbins Chart History (Hot 100)". Billboard.
Jump up ^ "The SetList Program - Grateful Dead Setlists, Listener Experiences, and Statistics". Setlists.net. Retrieved 2016-08-29.
Jump up ^ "Instrumentally Yours - Grady Martin | Songs, Reviews, Credits". AllMusic. Retrieved 2016-08-29.
External links[edit]
Ballad of a Gunfighter on IMDb
Preceded by
"The Same Old Me" by Ray Price Billboard Hot C&W Sides number-one single
December 21, 1959 - February 1, 1960 Succeeded by
"He'll Have to Go" by Jim Reeves
Preceded by
"Why" by Frankie Avalon Billboard Hot 100 number-one single
December 29, 1959 – January 11, 1960 (2 weeks) Succeeded by
"Running Bear" by Johnny Preston
[hide]
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Marty Robbins
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"Among My Souvenirs"
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Related articles
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Jeanne Pruett
Book:Marty Robbins
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=El_Paso_(song)&oldid=840338505"
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