id stringlengths 36 36 | text stringlengths 39 1k | metadata stringlengths 414 536 | embedding stringlengths 9.43k 9.57k |
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a27311bb-07f6-4594-a05a-e3b48a178d2a | Activated carbon
Activated carbon
Activated carbon, also called activated charcoal, is a form of
carbon commonly used to filter contaminants from water and
air, among many other uses. It is processed (activated) to have
small, low-volume pores that greatly increase the surface
area
[1][2]
available for
adsorption
... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 26, "from": 1}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Activated carbon - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Linux x86_64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/143.0.0.0 Safari/537.36", "ModDate": "D:20251215091439+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m143", "CreationDate": "D:20251215091439+00'... | [0.08986475,0.049222007,-0.1821398,-0.056549426,0.056955464,-0.016812209,0.018311894,0.04814082,-0.0075628087,-0.038568586,-0.002007608,0.013233411,0.051397998,0.021226916,0.03668205,-0.031077994,-0.012818071,-0.046397775,-0.0045094644,0.059743103,-0.05502088,-0.08671482,0.021859635,-0.029638372,0.018750807,0.024023136... |
78361391-6602-4466-8c2f-402d20e6e620 | activated carbon has a surface area of over 3,000 square
metres per gram (920,000 square feet per ounce),
[1][2][4]
as determined by gas absorption and its porosity can run
10ML/day in terms of treated water per gram. Researchers at Cornell University synthesized an ultrahigh surface area
activated carbo... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 39, "from": 23}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Activated carbon - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Linux x86_64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/143.0.0.0 Safari/537.36", "ModDate": "D:20251215091439+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m143", "CreationDate": "D:20251215091439+00... | [0.05928843,0.08240095,-0.1840016,-0.044605415,0.037650935,-0.03499336,0.004150561,0.04958013,-0.025726166,-0.014761143,0.012395897,0.0025084675,0.08631985,-0.013371253,0.019707637,-0.027800897,-0.028285244,-0.050485577,0.0008466356,0.04503267,-0.048713967,-0.10331057,0.008705504,-0.03887571,-0.0149024585,0.0035561484,... |
7a2654ea-95ac-4496-a31c-71767163096d | like olive stones, rice husks and nutshell shells which are also being upcycled into activated carbon, diversifying
feedstock supply. Furthermore, waste from paper mills has been studied as a possible source of activated carbon.
[7]
These bulk sources are converted into charcoal before being activated. Using wast... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 62, "from": 39}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Activated carbon - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Linux x86_64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/143.0.0.0 Safari/537.36", "ModDate": "D:20251215091439+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m143", "CreationDate": "D:20251215091439+00... | [0.031386655,0.043044295,-0.17235078,-0.049870484,0.05990025,-0.06180822,-0.036186565,0.02642321,-0.012547699,-0.0072749923,0.01983331,-0.01445142,0.11672916,0.0061486308,0.013559872,-0.0043027084,-0.037325185,-0.022898091,0.009681323,0.09265163,-0.04205445,-0.104336664,0.021024212,-0.07911294,-0.0042352597,-0.00444738... |
c4a24e97-a0b0-4084-97f7-acf01fe981d3 | 3
PO
4
) methods to introduce a
porous network, yielding a high-surface-area adsorbent which is referred to as activated coal.
Activated carbon is used in
methane
and
hydrogen
storage,
[1][2]
air purification
,
[8]
capacitive deionization,
supercapacitive swing adsorption, solvent recovery, decaffeination, ... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 78, "from": 53}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Activated carbon - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Linux x86_64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/143.0.0.0 Safari/537.36", "ModDate": "D:20251215091439+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m143", "CreationDate": "D:20251215091439+00... | [0.048652235,0.03990157,-0.1727447,-0.038459267,0.070520766,-0.060359515,-0.001250722,0.016891176,-0.010054159,-0.00880548,-0.012401385,-0.002126194,0.09261704,-0.018303612,0.016973771,-0.022292007,-0.040851165,-0.014837576,0.00073143863,0.030254202,-0.040512614,-0.08921866,0.04395338,-0.047460657,0.010694711,0.0076542... |
e34e7656-4028-4a2e-94d3-a827c7df7c35 | purification, sewage treatment, metal finishing and more. For example, it is the main purification technique for removing
organic impurities from bright nickel plating solutions used for metal finishing plants. Expanding on electroplating, a
variety of organic chemicals can be added to the plating solutions for improvi... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 82, "from": 78}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Activated carbon - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Linux x86_64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/143.0.0.0 Safari/537.36", "ModDate": "D:20251215091439+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m143", "CreationDate": "D:20251215091439+00... | [0.07266115,0.047351543,-0.14386974,-0.037884302,0.049733333,-0.036893114,-0.007696386,0.008457561,0.028138144,0.031243114,0.0008435036,0.019374738,0.06829844,-0.03146208,-0.060456824,-0.018244488,0.0020758603,-0.0699942,0.012593912,0.045518216,-0.019935006,-0.040371567,0.010014509,-0.013206648,0.046164516,0.07916632,0... |
cc374c45-441a-49d4-bf17-afaad4fd2261 | Activated charcoal for medical use
properties like brightness, smoothness, ductility, etc. This is due to the passage of direct current and electrolytic reactions
of anodic oxidation and cathodic reduction, organic additives generate unwanted breakdown products in solution. Their
excessive build up in the solutions can... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 93, "from": 84}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Activated carbon - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Linux x86_64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/143.0.0.0 Safari/537.36", "ModDate": "D:20251215091439+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m143", "CreationDate": "D:20251215091439+00... | [0.076615535,0.020150572,-0.16926062,-0.044864934,0.06848066,-0.029875726,0.013504895,0.03780327,-0.00091880484,0.012564282,-0.012165284,0.045107048,0.036877293,0.0023424923,-0.012053535,0.00034014523,-0.011611178,-0.02955555,0.0064510982,0.051622745,-0.062349424,-0.058802873,-3.757114e-05,-0.0368536,0.008686003,0.0431... |
a5d0b95c-2312-414a-b691-4279d8f7ac90 | is treated in the plant.
Activated carbon is used to treat poisonings and overdoses following oral
ingestion. Tablets or capsules of activated carbon are used in many countries
as an over-the-counter drug to treat diarrhea, indigestion, and flatulence.
However, activated charcoal shows no effect on intestinal gas a... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 122, "from": 92}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Activated carbon - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Linux x86_64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/143.0.0.0 Safari/537.36", "ModDate": "D:20251215091439+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m143", "CreationDate": "D:20251215091439+0... | [0.05044327,0.040798716,-0.1529216,-0.017372625,0.081174076,-0.018732704,-0.051535618,0.059182264,0.011653463,-0.03796095,0.002008277,0.018384123,0.07801437,8.630304e-06,0.024137298,-0.0072826385,-0.0117276795,-0.015553998,-0.014925958,0.023418756,-0.07669277,-0.06313211,-0.000619144,-0.05022714,0.010679558,0.038463365... |
e040200f-0248-41b8-b78c-0d5e915ce6d0 | Medicines
.
[12]
Incorrect application (e.g. into the lungs) results in pulmonary aspiration, which can sometimes be fatal if immediate
medical treatment is not initiated.
[13]
Activated carbon, in 50% w/w combination with celite, is used as stationary phase in low-pressure chromatographic
separation of carbohydrates (... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 137, "from": 117}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Activated carbon - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Linux x86_64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/143.0.0.0 Safari/537.36", "ModDate": "D:20251215091439+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m143", "CreationDate": "D:20251215091439+... | [0.06627511,0.029346254,-0.13964793,-0.019142834,0.054881223,-0.031368148,-0.01984708,0.008200786,-0.03089834,-0.018953582,-0.0049858256,0.0034826878,0.057688527,-0.01814324,0.0310615,-0.040854406,0.001471818,-0.019975152,-0.02159121,0.04613571,-0.077269085,-0.06783111,0.009336394,-0.06446531,0.06839875,0.07178554,-0.0... |
67ed4dcd-9160-402c-ab42-019fa2044e59 | clotting factors, heparin or most other anticoagulants
[15]
this allows a plasma sample to be analyzed for abnormalities
otherwise affected by the DOACs.
Carbon adsorption has numerous applications in removing pollutants from air or water streams both in the field and in
industrial processes such as:
Spill cleanup
Gro... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 162, "from": 134}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Activated carbon - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Linux x86_64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/143.0.0.0 Safari/537.36", "ModDate": "D:20251215091439+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m143", "CreationDate": "D:20251215091439+... | [0.06961654,0.031024637,-0.16773048,-0.057001308,0.045226872,-0.015766323,0.017511081,0.03542016,0.017041786,-0.015005411,0.048257764,0.027569281,0.0553581,0.00016760317,4.152637e-05,-0.014168242,0.013098773,-0.03026165,-0.042936556,0.028242506,-0.04070565,-0.048349712,0.0055544144,-0.030643923,0.031140525,0.06852219,-... |
9e177fcd-f00b-4916-b835-6408fdc8c484 | Activated carbon is usually used in water
filtration systems. In this illustration, the
activated carbon is in the fourth level
(counted from bottom).
During early implementation of the 1974 Safe Drinking Water Act in the US,
EPA officials developed a rule that proposed requiring drinking water
treatment systems to... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 182, "from": 164}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Activated carbon - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Linux x86_64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/143.0.0.0 Safari/537.36", "ModDate": "D:20251215091439+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m143", "CreationDate": "D:20251215091439+... | [0.06751227,0.05224322,-0.1717663,-0.03943836,0.05595786,0.0123287365,0.027024582,0.01743391,-0.0019927146,0.018509965,-0.0063705924,0.0039884644,0.060570575,0.025277058,-0.0077969865,-0.034913223,-0.024942214,-0.03207044,-0.027046371,0.038396288,-0.051006325,-0.05562368,0.017171687,-0.04271497,0.030591633,0.043717444,... |
d3102b26-d2d9-4f1b-9a09-94ffa22ca4ac | involved.
[18]
In wastewater treatment, granulated activated carbon filters are implemented
as an additional treatment step for removal of organic micropollutants such
as pharmaceutical products,
[17][20]
many of which are not entirely removed
in traditional wastewater treatment processes.
[21]
Pollutants adsorb to... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 201, "from": 179}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Activated carbon - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Linux x86_64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/143.0.0.0 Safari/537.36", "ModDate": "D:20251215091439+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m143", "CreationDate": "D:20251215091439+... | [0.03159158,0.029973311,-0.18024534,-0.0307482,0.084871896,-0.038495973,-0.004982279,0.043101665,-0.010125588,0.0019885532,0.011026897,0.0174048,0.062101677,0.0060504535,-0.021597488,-0.013759879,-0.004295031,-0.03472149,-0.019356258,0.040501937,-0.03773271,-0.06344483,0.039231002,-0.056437854,0.051296823,0.05329214,-0... |
7390abb3-ca28-4093-af8c-42f493a35cf2 | and disinfectant.
[24]
In organic winemaking, activated carbon is allowed for use as a processing agent to adsorb brown
color pigments from white grape concentrates.
[25]
It is sometimes used as
biochar
.
Activated carbon filters (AC filters) can be used to filter vodka and whiskey of organic impurities which can af... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 225, "from": 199}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Activated carbon - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Linux x86_64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/143.0.0.0 Safari/537.36", "ModDate": "D:20251215091439+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m143", "CreationDate": "D:20251215091439+... | [0.02168909,0.030883575,-0.18297757,-0.018813398,0.056551013,-0.05526104,-0.038483594,0.05883979,-0.022245899,-0.0069182157,0.00041373505,0.029988712,0.035926346,0.034086645,-0.01198257,-0.0027057468,-0.00073984475,-0.030096123,0.009159529,0.028790003,-0.07776554,-0.05647394,0.0022963004,-0.044860322,0.059867203,0.0579... |
4a0b8e70-9725-4dd2-b3a8-300381280b65 | Waals forces
. Some carbons have been able to achieve binding energies of 5–10 kJ per
mol
.
[27]
The gas may then be
desorbed when subjected to higher temperatures and either combusted to do work or in the case of hydrogen gas
extracted for use in a hydrogen fuel cell. Gas storage in activated carbons is an ... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 240, "from": 220}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Activated carbon - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Linux x86_64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/143.0.0.0 Safari/537.36", "ModDate": "D:20251215091439+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m143", "CreationDate": "D:20251215091439+... | [0.03142163,0.07136224,-0.1767676,-0.02244884,0.073057145,-0.03979696,-0.058043998,0.024185367,-0.051361043,-0.031521544,0.013660067,-0.005223232,0.019283019,-0.041731667,0.039907176,0.01634373,0.008098867,-0.019633152,-0.0020022115,0.04923308,-0.061937157,-0.075712636,-0.012453731,-0.044788927,0.02956874,0.041863844,-... |
bec10977-415d-4094-86cc-546e9c1f1727 | Filters with activated carbon are usually used in compressed air and gas purification to remove oil vapors, odor, and
other hydrocarbons from the air. The most common designs use a 1-stage or 2 stage filtration principle in which
activated carbon is embedded inside the filter media.
Activated carbon filters ar... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 250, "from": 242}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Activated carbon - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Linux x86_64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/143.0.0.0 Safari/537.36", "ModDate": "D:20251215091439+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m143", "CreationDate": "D:20251215091439+... | [0.043583162,0.0014545099,-0.1591654,-0.04332692,0.055681113,-0.039565742,-0.020128643,0.04062243,-0.019501867,-0.01397345,-0.012932258,0.005017022,0.053794835,0.026074667,0.022361934,-0.051114503,0.006159166,-0.023088057,0.0036344354,0.021735676,-0.05893379,-0.084648885,0.015896233,-0.055978075,0.0150350975,0.04388351... |
b256a6d0-cd30-47da-b627-d6a5cfbd6244 | unwanted colored organic impurities.
Filtration over activated carbon is used in large scale fine chemical and pharmaceutical processes for the same purpose.
The carbon is either mixed with the solution then filtered off or immobilized in a filter.
[29][30]
Activated carbon, often infused with sulfur
[31]
or iodine, i... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 264, "from": 249}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Activated carbon - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Linux x86_64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/143.0.0.0 Safari/537.36", "ModDate": "D:20251215091439+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m143", "CreationDate": "D:20251215091439+... | [0.030840967,0.06961961,-0.14300403,-0.058459442,0.063470036,-0.016306782,-0.029519212,0.05867017,0.007308277,0.014499596,-0.013498054,0.032962468,0.03288908,-0.023213388,0.040020265,-0.01924315,0.009256343,-0.013827651,0.008018722,0.08166988,-0.08128587,-0.10581083,0.0036043737,-0.04764732,0.01038315,0.051963806,-0.00... |
31aeba84-856c-4fe3-8d24-404f1b4157ef | concrete) for landfilling. However, waste containing greater than 260 ppm is considered to be in the high-mercury
subcategory and is banned from landfilling (Land-Ban Rule). This material is now accumulating in warehouses and in
deep abandoned mines at an estimated rate of 100 tons per year.
The problem of d... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 284, "from": 264}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Activated carbon - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Linux x86_64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/143.0.0.0 Safari/537.36", "ModDate": "D:20251215091439+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m143", "CreationDate": "D:20251215091439+... | [0.046838548,0.100336894,-0.16880451,-0.053243395,0.06447103,0.019595796,-0.0229534,0.0542382,-0.020256467,-0.022767287,0.008973382,0.04302514,0.051442116,-0.00984121,0.038205154,-0.052365433,-0.02522925,-0.01906336,-0.016688885,0.0926652,-0.05319805,-0.089265846,0.0022420846,-0.07407237,-0.023710841,0.03251383,0.00234... |
69d70ce9-7166-4ece-9181-8be6e0bfbc8d | birth control pills
and
antidepressants
,
[35]
are advised to avoid novelty foods or drinks that use activated
charcoal coloring since it can render the medication ineffective.
[36]
Activated charcoal is used in smoking filters
[37]
as a way to reduce the tar content and other chemicals present in smoke,
whi... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 303, "from": 277}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Activated carbon - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Linux x86_64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/143.0.0.0 Safari/537.36", "ModDate": "D:20251215091439+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m143", "CreationDate": "D:20251215091439+... | [0.06077717,0.04096851,-0.15274373,-0.055474173,0.070035376,-0.040713012,-0.030965172,0.01461774,0.0048929933,9.674837e-05,0.0073711546,0.015356596,0.11046934,0.026483757,0.03266861,-0.052745573,0.0014598216,-0.02724814,0.0076310025,0.050101172,-0.08552882,-0.07738798,-0.003605673,-0.034482036,0.008393386,0.04135933,-0... |
bd02ca77-b072-436d-a63c-ca26e868ee0c | activated carbons may have a structure related to that of the fullerenes, with pentagonal and heptagonal carbon
rings.
[39][40]
Activated carbon is carbon produced from carbonaceous source materials such as bamboo, coconut husk, willow peat,
wood, coir, lignite, coal, and petroleum pitch. It can be produced (act... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 315, "from": 305}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Activated carbon - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Linux x86_64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/143.0.0.0 Safari/537.36", "ModDate": "D:20251215091439+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m143", "CreationDate": "D:20251215091439+... | [0.050985727,0.042627167,-0.1884948,-0.038846087,0.043084588,-0.028583135,-0.019080628,0.0068703885,-0.01817975,-0.02781522,-0.020056633,0.0016507265,0.06429605,0.0018416924,0.05249262,-0.036787245,-0.032820772,-0.028652063,0.008625239,0.07604716,-0.094457775,-0.084486544,0.015523655,-0.032550257,0.034043245,0.00387583... |
659f2f01-fec5-4d63-bda9-24c37c8ae9de | usually in an inert atmosphere with gases such as argon or nitrogen
Activation/oxidation: Raw material or carbonized material is exposed to oxidizing atmospheres
(oxygen or steam) at temperatures above 250 °C, usually in the temperature range of 600–1200 °C.
The activation is performed by heating the sample for 1 h in ... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 347, "from": 314}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Activated carbon - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Linux x86_64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/143.0.0.0 Safari/537.36", "ModDate": "D:20251215091439+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m143", "CreationDate": "D:20251215091439+... | [0.048225902,0.007379531,-0.20351632,0.005145215,0.033041812,-0.0094794305,-0.030380502,0.035735667,0.0022584323,-0.017675364,-0.04523811,0.04600948,0.058194183,0.014923526,0.035394806,-0.03171718,0.024202608,-0.03018077,0.019406592,0.036342796,-0.05036589,-0.091077924,0.0062183416,-0.03200095,0.01668647,0.029559126,-0... |
ccc9efb7-b7a8-4c68-8242-50144e8c292f | at this stage by forcing the material to open up and have more microscopic pores. Chemical activation is
preferred to physical activation owing to the lower temperatures, better quality consistency, and shorter
time needed for activating the material.
[43]
The Dutch company Norit NV is one of the largest producer of ac... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 358, "from": 347}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Activated carbon - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Linux x86_64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/143.0.0.0 Safari/537.36", "ModDate": "D:20251215091439+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m143", "CreationDate": "D:20251215091439+... | [0.06228406,0.06687292,-0.19234465,-0.0341389,0.07232299,-0.06279199,0.026604837,0.033811845,0.003234888,-0.03641219,0.028334865,0.035295185,0.052537158,-0.009618603,0.026523514,-0.036877185,0.01059731,-0.04363308,0.006019019,0.07489823,-0.04647609,-0.091011405,0.008639278,-0.032532237,0.008381941,0.021554343,-0.009743... |
c847a486-ec73-453c-b3dc-c1cffbbab31a | milder conditions. Emerging methods like microwave-assisted reactivation and bio-regeneration using fungi or bacteria
show promise for lower-carbon footprints. Choosing the optimal regeneration route balances carbon lifespan, energy use
and treatment costs, and helps minimize the volume of hazardous waste sent to landf... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 366, "from": 358}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Activated carbon - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Linux x86_64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/143.0.0.0 Safari/537.36", "ModDate": "D:20251215091439+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m143", "CreationDate": "D:20251215091439+... | [0.07948952,0.0540351,-0.17561716,-0.03125759,0.07840405,-0.035782542,0.023980474,0.02855287,-0.0035175027,-0.06274497,0.019803334,0.00011223227,0.059096962,0.0060364315,-0.021006543,-0.04124595,-0.024289062,-0.06586816,0.018118065,0.08908461,-0.033605628,-0.08417787,0.0007982445,-0.037320063,0.006595845,0.041818265,-0... |
e65972aa-df84-465d-b70b-5690353b8019 | distance. Activated carbon (R 1) is defined as the activated carbon particles retained on a 50-mesh sieve (0.297 mm).
Powdered activated carbon (PAC) material is finer material. PAC is made up of crushed or ground carbon particles, 95–
100% of which will pass through a designated mesh sieve. The ASTM classifies particl... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 372, "from": 366}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Activated carbon - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Linux x86_64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/143.0.0.0 Safari/537.36", "ModDate": "D:20251215091439+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m143", "CreationDate": "D:20251215091439+... | [0.08178003,0.043899707,-0.17522684,-0.07517943,0.07933953,0.012252757,0.03110123,0.020888621,-0.02780184,-0.019058734,-0.0053259907,0.018013893,0.047023043,-0.0049129836,0.026593294,-0.060115095,0.0013596807,-0.062375665,0.0003033961,0.07429144,-0.06306372,-0.036686976,-0.0011831656,-0.04840316,0.032643512,0.015474723... |
126caa05-b9df-4095-a763-2b047fa51f3f | A micrograph of activated charcoal (R 1) under
bright field illumination on a light microscope.
Notice the fractal-like shape of the particles
hinting at their enormous surface area. Each
particle in this image, despite being only around
0.1 mm across, can have a surface area of
several square centimetres. The entire i... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 393, "from": 374}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Activated carbon - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Linux x86_64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/143.0.0.0 Safari/537.36", "ModDate": "D:20251215091439+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m143", "CreationDate": "D:20251215091439+... | [0.062892504,0.06600942,-0.1716835,-0.05166777,0.053047698,-0.03858522,0.004266701,0.02191134,-0.015739897,-0.012199335,0.028664742,0.031292852,0.103026494,0.031679966,-0.025948951,-0.021485994,-0.019415522,-0.07708038,0.009845135,0.040930334,-0.020868707,-0.07869367,0.005405815,-0.027929178,0.022495737,0.008761686,0.0... |
4a310ef3-3c1e-4dbd-b0fe-be0a2ec634ef | smaller external surface. Diffusion of the adsorbate is thus an
important factor. These carbons are suitable for adsorption of gases,
vapors and liquids, because these substances diffuse rapidly
throughout the filters. Granulated carbons are used for air filtration
and water treatment, as well as for general ... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 405, "from": 392}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Activated carbon - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Linux x86_64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/143.0.0.0 Safari/537.36", "ModDate": "D:20251215091439+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m143", "CreationDate": "D:20251215091439+... | [0.043825183,0.04194501,-0.15686539,-0.051937275,0.044560306,-0.022969412,0.028019322,0.030365132,-0.030211885,-0.03629219,0.008337292,0.011996839,0.034724653,0.01901354,-0.014886935,-0.008554769,-0.012896297,-0.081854306,0.022962375,0.037277225,-0.033742122,-0.07837497,-0.0077598323,-0.06438561,0.024240568,0.04886829,... |
6d10ee6d-f844-4e7a-868c-4d8c81614fa5 | sieve (0.42 mm) (generally specified as 95% retained). AWWA (1992) B604
uses the 50-mesh sieve (0.297 mm) as the minimum GAC size. The most
popular aqueous-phase carbons are the 12×40 and 8×30 sizes because they
have a good balance of size, surface area, and head loss characteristics.
Extruded activated carbon (EAC) co... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 417, "from": 404}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Activated carbon - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Linux x86_64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/143.0.0.0 Safari/537.36", "ModDate": "D:20251215091439+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m143", "CreationDate": "D:20251215091439+... | [0.04301521,0.02878229,-0.15689006,-0.060470518,0.047483686,-0.04468149,0.0006051347,0.020006599,-0.021408103,-0.013723123,0.0067087384,-0.0133215645,0.048905946,-0.011142089,0.024293933,-0.033881772,-0.013803082,-0.086575866,0.012627806,0.056170225,-0.057525277,-0.09668957,-0.032803636,-0.07900332,0.03991367,0.0274560... |
c7e44089-5a6d-459a-8992-23b6d0bf6642 | spheres in diameters from approximately 0.35 to 0.80 mm. BAC typically exhibits a surface area in the range of 800–1
200 m
2
/g, comparable to or exceeding many granular carbons, enhancing its capacity for dissolved organics. Similar to
EAC, it is also noted for its low pressure drop, high mechanical strength and low d... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 424, "from": 415}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Activated carbon - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Linux x86_64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/143.0.0.0 Safari/537.36", "ModDate": "D:20251215091439+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m143", "CreationDate": "D:20251215091439+... | [0.0559114,0.08058341,-0.16039057,-0.05700649,0.044144012,0.009012996,-0.010144255,-0.008383167,0.00349529,-0.020235056,0.027673893,0.020110544,0.08428748,-0.02025458,-0.033197455,-0.014606073,-0.024726827,-0.07537612,-0.009383589,0.05679097,-0.040717557,-0.09121606,-0.0018016491,-0.03931523,0.0024875065,0.08246843,-0.... |
0b1c8a1e-884a-4a55-8eff-ba699c6de132 | used as an adsorbent for purification of domestic water. Drinking water can be obtained from natural water by treating
the natural water with a mixture of activated carbon and aluminium hydroxide (Al(OH)
3
), a flocculating agent.
Impregnated carbons are also used for the adsorption of hydrogen sulfide (H
2
S) and... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 437, "from": 424}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Activated carbon - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Linux x86_64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/143.0.0.0 Safari/537.36", "ModDate": "D:20251215091439+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m143", "CreationDate": "D:20251215091439+... | [0.031930394,0.04465489,-0.18317801,-0.03463105,0.02281559,-0.033130907,-0.035073396,0.04835639,0.0046946923,-0.015012552,0.014094182,0.057871535,0.08421942,-0.0042336793,-0.01857473,0.025386192,-0.0051461435,-0.060972523,-0.005795928,0.020707354,-0.051621187,-0.08780276,0.024145681,-0.039772574,0.036693133,0.037830513... |
5250ba42-9aff-441f-88b5-14c0a9439dc0 | Woven activated carbon cloth
This is a process by which a porous carbon can be coated with a
biocompatible polymer to give a smooth and permeable coat without
blocking the pores. The typical film thickness ranges from 50 to 200 nm,
which strikes a balance between preserving pore access and ensuring
mechanic... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 456, "from": 439}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Activated carbon - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Linux x86_64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/143.0.0.0 Safari/537.36", "ModDate": "D:20251215091439+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m143", "CreationDate": "D:20251215091439+... | [0.08508229,0.03520415,-0.18583901,-0.043044284,0.0697184,-0.034635022,0.032639597,0.02696439,0.009660249,-0.021730255,0.010878179,0.014393273,0.07179338,-0.030860586,0.049124308,-0.018462064,-0.00468624,-0.034052476,-0.029170942,0.025498975,-0.107536584,-0.07645661,0.0121797435,-0.033542242,0.042317517,0.02169452,-0.0... |
fa09e116-5511-451c-8904-dfaab243d821 | capacity of activated cloth is greater than that of activated charcoal (
BET theory
) surface area: 500–1500 m
2
/g, pore
volume: 0.3–0.8 cm
3
/g). Thanks to the different forms of activated material, it can be used in a wide range of
applications (supercapacitors, odor absorbers, CBRN-defense industry etc.).
... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 477, "from": 451}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Activated carbon - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Linux x86_64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/143.0.0.0 Safari/537.36", "ModDate": "D:20251215091439+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m143", "CreationDate": "D:20251215091439+... | [0.07051898,0.09705216,-0.18034795,-0.033448134,0.041002583,-0.018265126,0.01223071,0.021709187,-0.013806346,-0.022118757,0.013664551,-0.012372322,0.07710647,0.0014724616,0.026110794,-0.016596854,-0.02390027,-0.046970714,0.0052132653,0.024079828,-0.055842336,-0.108518235,0.010904019,-0.06336518,-0.013612011,0.018236559... |
2fad82b4-c1c1-4642-b782-924e3bd239b9 | material run parallel to each other,
[2]
separated by only a few nanometres or so. These
micropores
provide superb
conditions for adsorption to occur, since adsorbing material can interact with many surfaces simultaneously. Tests of
adsorption behaviour are usually done with nitrogen gas at 77 K under high ... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 486, "from": 473}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Activated carbon - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Linux x86_64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/143.0.0.0 Safari/537.36", "ModDate": "D:20251215091439+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m143", "CreationDate": "D:20251215091439+... | [0.07551148,0.061922833,-0.19683693,-0.015863178,0.0331344,-0.0053440193,-0.015461344,0.025371136,-0.0142936045,-0.050821275,-0.008107687,0.017820004,0.067706525,0.0063195555,-0.0043419073,0.014010688,-0.009962654,-0.06943107,0.00042709653,0.00042693602,-0.055570792,-0.10040765,-0.019413536,-0.058693197,0.009425088,0.0... |
7ed6376b-789b-46f3-a420-742f1ce3a5d4 | [46]
In this paper, he discovered that cooling
the carbon to liquid nitrogen temperatures allowed it to adsorb significant quantities of numerous air gases, among
others, that could then be recollected by simply allowing the carbon to warm again and that coconut-based carbon was
superior for the effect. He uses o... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 499, "from": 484}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Activated carbon - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Linux x86_64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/143.0.0.0 Safari/537.36", "ModDate": "D:20251215091439+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m143", "CreationDate": "D:20251215091439+... | [0.07141248,0.04183281,-0.18637212,-0.05046816,0.06220311,0.0023751936,-0.016818395,0.026622279,-0.0034130663,-0.055204675,-0.008981489,0.013645732,0.052398648,0.010873288,0.04344252,0.018911663,0.0013843982,-0.065074995,0.030209398,0.03338268,-0.06417674,-0.097680226,-0.011018727,-0.047924716,0.015087886,0.060014643,-... |
ce474284-efa1-4b17-9819-b70a7dd9fec6 | Activated carbon can also adsorb iodine very well. The iodine capacity, mg/g, (ASTM D28 Standard Method test) may
be used as an indication of total adsorption over the surface area of the testing material.
Carbon monoxide however, is not very well adsorbed by activated carbon. This should be of particular concern to th... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 506, "from": 499}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Activated carbon - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Linux x86_64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/143.0.0.0 Safari/537.36", "ModDate": "D:20251215091439+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m143", "CreationDate": "D:20251215091439+... | [0.039190196,0.018784728,-0.16456285,-0.011623264,0.056762908,-0.008698339,-0.0018203417,0.05572583,0.011249951,-0.0058989837,-0.005026118,0.04574881,0.03386142,0.0077083996,0.025225379,-0.020794187,0.00898413,-0.040114813,0.021259673,0.02289213,-0.07599404,-0.098806605,0.00783183,-0.033141963,0.04709392,0.082658246,0.... |
64a8c66f-9865-4d6b-b017-efe898d8934b | Substantial lists of the common industrial and agricultural gases adsorbed by activated carbon can be found online.
[47]
Activated carbon can be used as a substrate for the application of various chemicals to improve the adsorptive capacity
for some inorganic (and problematic organic) compounds such as hydrogen sulfid... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 538, "from": 508}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Activated carbon - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Linux x86_64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/143.0.0.0 Safari/537.36", "ModDate": "D:20251215091439+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m143", "CreationDate": "D:20251215091439+... | [0.027912546,0.017726729,-0.17928547,-0.020619446,0.046179675,-0.049393393,-0.013837596,0.039384626,-0.00467326,-0.0062046456,0.01344534,0.021403639,0.06499163,-0.015415712,0.021053746,-0.018975899,-0.0014297997,-0.042612515,0.025628308,0.04121597,-0.049006835,-0.102997296,-0.0038953356,-0.037860252,0.025126813,0.06171... |
ff2569b5-c9d7-4426-9352-d608d367d58a | activated carbon (0 to 20
Å
, or up to 2
nm
) by adsorption of iodine from solution.
[49]
It is equivalent to surface area of
carbon between 900 and 1100 m
2
/g. It is the standard measure for liquid-phase applications.
Iodine number is defined as the milligrams of iodine adsorbed by one gram of carbon when the iodi... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 545, "from": 530}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Activated carbon - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Linux x86_64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/143.0.0.0 Safari/537.36", "ModDate": "D:20251215091439+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m143", "CreationDate": "D:20251215091439+... | [0.056959644,0.039671075,-0.16510256,-0.07110884,0.040707607,-0.024251016,-0.0001785387,0.06969093,-0.0075731743,-0.011760427,-0.00675973,0.038275436,0.03993852,-0.033078674,0.015312644,-0.032586876,-0.0012250867,-0.08314855,0.006556009,0.035038855,-0.06872333,-0.08133589,-0.030706322,-0.018206878,0.037926104,0.0589230... |
940d1032-84b1-4c54-8726-acd4e424aa60 | chemical interactions with the adsorbate may affect the iodine uptake, giving false results. Thus, the use of iodine
number as a measure of the degree of exhaustion of a carbon bed can only be recommended if it has been shown to be
free of chemical interactions with adsorbates and if an experimental correlation... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 553, "from": 545}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Activated carbon - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Linux x86_64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/143.0.0.0 Safari/537.36", "ModDate": "D:20251215091439+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m143", "CreationDate": "D:20251215091439+... | [0.03481926,0.03937101,-0.173772,-0.0360543,0.038790643,-0.039630048,-0.015723178,0.05278429,-0.012434323,0.010300478,0.0006963656,0.026010687,0.06884552,0.0043426133,0.030685032,-0.017738106,0.016060814,-0.07682853,0.028398924,0.035523675,-0.071163684,-0.032642733,-0.027058262,-0.04460275,0.025778271,0.089984044,-0.02... |
bd4c7a32-23ac-4c23-ab1e-dc4f5b6a6f47 | 185%) and parallels molasses number (600 = 185%, 425 = 85%). The European molasses number (range 525–110) is
inversely related to the North American molasses number.
Molasses Number is a measure of the degree of decolorization of a standard molasses solution that has been diluted and
standardized against standardized a... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 560, "from": 553}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Activated carbon - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Linux x86_64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/143.0.0.0 Safari/537.36", "ModDate": "D:20251215091439+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m143", "CreationDate": "D:20251215091439+... | [0.04467499,0.039647035,-0.18201667,-0.06722297,0.036247447,-0.057167515,0.03903364,0.039807856,0.0013571056,0.02813912,-0.017096728,0.043519054,0.0962659,0.011239344,-0.020098828,-0.03934729,-0.0025953006,-0.077533886,-0.00027443317,0.032482866,-0.07294236,-0.013598302,-0.025022978,-0.06840591,0.0076445723,0.045542207... |
309af597-71a0-407a-9a1f-3ff285fd57db | evaluating a series of active carbons for their rates of adsorption. Given two active carbons with similar pore volumes
for adsorption, the one having the higher molasses number will usually have larger feeder pores resulting in more
efficient transfer of adsorbate into the adsorption space.
Tannins are a mixtur... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 574, "from": 560}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Activated carbon - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Linux x86_64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/143.0.0.0 Safari/537.36", "ModDate": "D:20251215091439+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m143", "CreationDate": "D:20251215091439+... | [0.031254675,0.037026737,-0.18080121,-0.029540917,0.022721345,-0.07079837,-0.0007374124,0.009070273,-0.018082187,0.016720133,0.040431835,0.017043468,0.07673294,0.0052371863,-0.017847676,-0.01116843,0.0036289624,-0.065804146,0.022472352,0.0034581728,-0.06369203,-0.055332735,-0.010384183,-0.06300239,0.008891711,0.0729738... |
dde37a83-28e7-4873-bacc-ab53eee69c19 | Some carbons are evaluated based on the dechlorination half-life length, which measures the chlorine-removal efficiency
of activated carbon. The dechlorination half-value length is the depth of carbon required to reduce the chlorine
concentration by 50%. A lower half-value length indicates superior performance.
... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 590, "from": 576}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Activated carbon - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Linux x86_64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/143.0.0.0 Safari/537.36", "ModDate": "D:20251215091439+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m143", "CreationDate": "D:20251215091439+... | [0.08406413,0.026889045,-0.1736569,-0.05974706,0.067629,-0.036629174,0.036181502,0.042098157,-0.04539338,0.0013681157,-0.037714314,0.018044788,0.054423876,0.00040369862,0.06602797,-0.050626777,-0.042606648,-0.07737596,0.033494763,0.029365541,-0.058265578,-0.0831017,-0.024739465,-0.087646075,-0.0021552027,0.0699486,-0.0... |
977a0787-dfa2-4d56-9a5c-4d1406272839 | It is a measure of the activated carbon's resistance to attrition. It is an important indicator of activated carbon to maintain
its physical integrity and withstand frictional forces which would cause the material to be defective. There are large
differences in the hardness of activated carbons, depending on the raw ma... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 602, "from": 590}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Activated carbon - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Linux x86_64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/143.0.0.0 Safari/537.36", "ModDate": "D:20251215091439+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m143", "CreationDate": "D:20251215091439+... | [0.073043235,0.040647835,-0.18079732,-0.06323945,0.12193148,-0.024314685,0.052398678,0.011791409,-0.01603961,0.001429922,-0.02288907,0.074469596,0.07439092,-0.005906618,0.02421032,-0.028207166,-0.0060324757,-0.051775347,0.017081821,0.048222024,-0.06118142,-0.07310524,-0.0025705786,-0.025551086,0.04599403,0.04398322,0.0... |
359b76f4-0ddc-4195-9c0e-8b7eb5dc9d52 | algal growths. A carbon with a low soluble ash content should be used for marine, freshwater fish and reef tanks to avoid
heavy metal poisoning and excess plant/algal growth. ASTM (D2866 Standard Method test) is used to determine the ash
content of activated carbon.
Measurement of the porosity of an activated carbon by... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 610, "from": 602}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Activated carbon - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Linux x86_64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/143.0.0.0 Safari/537.36", "ModDate": "D:20251215091439+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m143", "CreationDate": "D:20251215091439+... | [0.07727984,0.097540945,-0.1710988,-0.061677553,0.10311838,-8.310367e-06,0.03210577,0.024560336,-0.006904868,-0.0002846722,0.032313637,0.069695674,0.049854808,-0.021216849,-0.037985303,-0.01844786,-0.006045337,-0.06388382,0.015405936,0.025916977,-0.055330228,-0.08350515,-0.0066215913,-0.011231827,0.029516742,0.05607105... |
8337c842-523f-463f-bbed-84d4ea7f26e0 | millimetres (0.132–0.055 in). Activated carbon with particle size less than 1 mm would not be suitable for elution (the
stripping of mineral from an activated carbon). Researchers at Cornell University synthesized an ultrahigh surface area
activated carbon with a BET area of 4800 m2 g–1 and a total pore volume of 2.7 c... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 625, "from": 610}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Activated carbon - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Linux x86_64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/143.0.0.0 Safari/537.36", "ModDate": "D:20251215091439+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m143", "CreationDate": "D:20251215091439+... | [0.090811744,0.087034196,-0.1557139,-0.028364081,0.044815257,-0.015116529,0.022402195,0.04039371,-0.012922636,-0.02166067,-0.0065534217,0.011587374,0.072014935,-0.046990015,0.030783117,-0.03166418,-0.015181198,-0.05912416,0.0058242218,0.032268085,-0.025382832,-0.089820236,-0.015623348,-0.04667119,0.006338429,0.02330946... |
0d34ad26-41f9-4540-b202-789c1b54ff95 | World's largest reactivation plant located
in Feluy, Belgium.
The surface of conventional activated carbon is reactive, capable of oxidation by atmospheric oxygen and oxygen
plasma
[54][55][56][57][58][59][60][61]
steam,
[62][63][64]
and also
carbon dioxide
[58]
and
ozone
.
[65][66][67]
Oxidation in the liqu... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 674, "from": 627}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Activated carbon - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Linux x86_64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/143.0.0.0 Safari/537.36", "ModDate": "D:20251215091439+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m143", "CreationDate": "D:20251215091439+... | [0.040493138,0.038168177,-0.20450543,-0.0050688856,0.0468107,-0.045182116,-0.02463024,0.053469203,2.3334296e-05,-0.044774935,0.009232444,0.02719412,0.05902328,-0.010100193,0.0048755556,-0.054626215,-0.010085509,-0.04545177,0.004382957,0.022715097,-0.039629266,-0.07303546,0.0063149603,-0.044611096,0.03350103,0.055127937... |
af1ad28c-8b9d-4c27-9744-110d52eb876a | chlorine
,
[76][77]
bromine
[78]
and
fluorine
.
[79]
Surface of activated carbon, like other carbon materials can be fluoralkylated by treatment with (per)fluoropolyether
peroxide
[80]
in a liquid phase, or with wide range of fluoroorganic substances by CVD-method.
[81]
Such materials
combine high hydroph... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 693, "from": 662}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Activated carbon - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Linux x86_64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/143.0.0.0 Safari/537.36", "ModDate": "D:20251215091439+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m143", "CreationDate": "D:20251215091439+... | [0.058449574,0.05787878,-0.18082848,-0.033477493,0.040791865,-0.053788256,-0.05211189,0.03218916,-0.0041888165,-0.056213994,-0.024782643,0.022407183,0.048131224,-0.022733688,0.028535107,-0.009387143,-0.03645365,-0.060826257,0.010475699,0.007857043,-0.04972118,-0.07229822,-0.016248869,-0.038933437,0.029822161,0.03073635... |
0302abb6-3378-4153-bec2-66fec7a327f1 | [84]
It is reported about
synthesis of activated carbon with chemically grafted superacid sites –CF
2
SO
3
H.
[85]
Some of the chemical properties of activated carbon have been attributed to presence of the surface active carbon double
bond
.
[67][86]
The Polyani adsorption theory is a popular method for analyzing... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 706, "from": 686}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Activated carbon - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Linux x86_64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/143.0.0.0 Safari/537.36", "ModDate": "D:20251215091439+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m143", "CreationDate": "D:20251215091439+... | [0.068763345,0.0363001,-0.19495568,-0.025440209,0.037355278,-0.049044807,-0.009613178,0.059244465,0.014291373,-0.028252814,0.0078053665,0.019844227,0.08831048,-0.035406895,0.011545315,-0.020460753,-0.02879555,-0.01995614,0.012761206,0.026470732,-0.041977644,-0.1065598,0.0034907367,-0.055037685,0.009830683,-0.0010627314... |
293aed62-1d25-4627-b519-75fd03b55852 | The reactivation or the regeneration of activated carbons involves restoring
the adsorptive capacity of saturated activated carbon by desorbing adsorbed
contaminants on the activated carbon surface.
The most common regeneration technique employed in industrial processes
is thermal reactivation.
[87]
The thermal reg... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 717, "from": 704}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Activated carbon - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Linux x86_64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/143.0.0.0 Safari/537.36", "ModDate": "D:20251215091439+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m143", "CreationDate": "D:20251215091439+... | [0.07293631,0.016552866,-0.19355899,-0.0302147,0.034125615,-0.066820204,0.002760523,0.05838178,0.022217559,-0.035439655,-0.022335008,0.039188135,0.09123347,-0.033793733,0.010834309,-0.030126588,-0.01090318,-0.035909653,-0.002777848,0.052172095,-0.03499318,-0.104062796,0.0109332325,-0.052976247,0.008436982,0.01556038,-0... |
d73ad9f3-64aa-4e15-89f7-021316d570f8 | breaches, making them more susceptible to contamination from the environment and users.
[12]
Ponds and tanks
Dams and reservoirs
Planting basins
Contamination | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 118, "from": 113}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Water storage - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Linux x86_64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/143.0.0.0 Safari/537.36", "ModDate": "D:20251215091612+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m143", "CreationDate": "D:20251215091612+00'... | [0.017784059,0.053293496,-0.18346624,-0.03520525,0.076216094,0.012637251,-0.0011396067,0.066279046,0.036241632,-0.011936885,0.010196412,0.035211015,0.06127393,0.030410897,-0.0073363185,-0.031412296,0.025684016,-0.02514919,0.021806972,0.01783168,-0.073889896,-0.025269948,-0.0081370305,-0.020210795,0.04744552,0.051603675... |
75efbb7c-32ee-43ea-8c53-6f5d2941b8c1 | Activated carbon reactivation center in
Roeselare, Belgium.
Medicine portal
Chemistry portal
High temperature desorption and decomposition (500–900 °C
(932–1,652 °F)) under an inert atmosphere
Residual organic gasification by a non-oxidising gas (steam or
carbon dioxide) at elevated temperatures (800 °C (1,470 °F))
The... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 736, "from": 719}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Activated carbon - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Linux x86_64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/143.0.0.0 Safari/537.36", "ModDate": "D:20251215091439+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m143", "CreationDate": "D:20251215091439+... | [0.059446525,-0.014679507,-0.201315,-0.014238462,0.03969634,-0.06384714,-0.009469793,0.09022915,0.002543892,-0.05681337,-0.0087730605,0.019113846,0.05744514,-0.03851539,-0.004561251,-0.04665364,0.013440206,0.008632317,-0.013625833,0.054101795,-0.0626665,-0.078245424,0.016163228,-0.039322767,0.019319898,0.035581622,-0.0... |
086036cd-0d60-4c24-b4ce-8db6f2881c38 | between 5–15 wt% of the carbon bed is burnt off resulting in a loss of
adsorptive capacity.
[89]
Thermal regeneration is a high energy process due to
the high required temperatures making it both an energetically and commercially expensive process.
[88]
Plants that rely
on thermal regeneration of activated ... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 746, "from": 733}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Activated carbon - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Linux x86_64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/143.0.0.0 Safari/537.36", "ModDate": "D:20251215091439+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m143", "CreationDate": "D:20251215091439+... | [0.07357273,0.06598833,-0.18606912,-0.046473414,0.049704775,-0.007428505,0.020981168,0.06400884,0.009331795,-0.04535283,0.00595721,0.0045193923,0.07999709,-0.05522202,0.0049240827,-0.049698148,-0.019886531,-0.017387979,0.022820614,0.08059159,-0.070148036,-0.09077961,0.018022727,-0.020209853,-0.020229328,0.027644427,-0.... |
bde5753c-591a-4c7f-9ae4-b9c5e74aff2b | regeneration techniques cited have remained areas of purely academic research, some alternatives to thermal
regeneration systems have been employed in industry. Current alternative regeneration methods are:
TSA (thermal swing adsorption) and/or PSA (pressure swing adsorption) processes: through convection
(heat trans... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 791, "from": 746}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Activated carbon - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Linux x86_64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/143.0.0.0 Safari/537.36", "ModDate": "D:20251215091439+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m143", "CreationDate": "D:20251215091439+... | [0.036134645,0.0049820137,-0.1845017,-0.048910618,0.030150894,-0.034024607,-0.0015193231,0.01864492,0.010040003,-0.06084872,0.023832016,-0.006399149,0.058930002,0.016222898,-0.011251725,-0.071554616,0.013885839,-0.03339501,-0.0018201479,0.06779294,-0.052195683,-0.090056844,0.009068903,-0.027422726,-0.0011427507,0.00692... |
ea91c3cb-188e-4b28-a46b-dc5b68ca5b81 | Activated charcoal cleanse
Biochar
Bamboo charcoal
Binchōtan
Bone char
Carbon filtering
Carbocatalysis
Conjugated microporous polymer
Hydrogen storage
Kværner process
Onboard refueling vapor recovery
1. Chalmpes N, Ochonma P, Tantis I, Alsmaeil AW, Assafa TE, Tathacharya M, Srivastava M, Gadikota G,
Other regeneration ... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 795, "from": 781}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Activated carbon - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Linux x86_64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/143.0.0.0 Safari/537.36", "ModDate": "D:20251215091439+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m143", "CreationDate": "D:20251215091439+... | [0.0069553037,-0.009877507,-0.17393897,-0.034268264,0.06723991,-0.076355174,-0.003935663,0.044487435,-0.024184324,-0.055094946,-0.02240816,0.027086295,0.02408086,-0.0104501825,0.012462255,-0.06645304,-0.0049224966,-0.044649765,-0.013656986,0.09021159,-0.053724114,-0.06487096,-0.003777446,-0.0609493,0.04494131,0.0121869... |
b2027298-9b3d-4633-b9ad-490c9e718623 | Bourlinos AB, Steriotis T, Giannelis EP (2024-12-10). "Ultrahigh Surface Area Nanoporous Carbons
Synthesized via Hypergolic and Activation Reactions for Enhanced CO
2
Capacity and Volumetric Energy
Density" (https://pubs.acs.org/doi/full/10.1021/acsnano.4c10531). ACS Nano. 18 (49): 33491–33504.
Bibcode:2024ACSNa..1833... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 808, "from": 797}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Activated carbon - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Linux x86_64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/143.0.0.0 Safari/537.36", "ModDate": "D:20251215091439+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m143", "CreationDate": "D:20251215091439+... | [0.007933812,0.034071147,-0.17256618,-0.015987715,0.067122415,-0.031923316,0.028543327,-0.015974663,0.022999361,-0.013425963,-0.0021087667,0.0015085299,0.06241884,0.003554264,0.024883054,-0.050801624,-0.040697236,-0.030596253,-0.049502313,0.018504938,-0.05384417,-0.00742186,-0.023875106,-0.060967047,0.061109018,-0.0292... |
38aa5653-ba30-456a-9724-8e68373c45f0 | htm)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_table&oldid=1312089406"
Effects on construction
See also
References | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 166, "from": 162}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Water table - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Linux x86_64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/143.0.0.0 Safari/537.36", "ModDate": "D:20251215092143+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m143", "CreationDate": "D:20251215092143+00'00... | [0.010893802,0.029522676,-0.19475046,-0.021487447,0.022014178,0.0024404456,0.015663387,0.04566877,-0.040030524,-0.038801532,-0.01212977,-0.0121129295,0.08346745,0.009438558,0.02022733,-0.048266664,-0.018785896,-0.024003794,-0.040432055,0.06980936,-0.030133603,-0.016747722,-0.037839565,-0.024648676,0.077829756,-0.024151... |
7a3d2e21-62d1-4c42-a2ff-f73f8e36e53a | Bulletin of the American Physical Society. 58 (1). M38.001. Bibcode:2013APS..MARM38001S (https://ui.a
dsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013APS..MARM38001S). Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/2018061211284
5/http://meetings.aps.org/Meeting/MAR13/Event/186324) from the original on 2018-06-12. Retrieved
2018-05-30.
3. "What is A... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 818, "from": 807}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Activated carbon - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Linux x86_64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/143.0.0.0 Safari/537.36", "ModDate": "D:20251215091439+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m143", "CreationDate": "D:20251215091439+... | [0.046268787,0.031374548,-0.17850734,-0.029345261,0.105157174,0.012281593,0.033034205,0.032261986,-0.015013769,-0.02569748,0.04710188,0.03229068,0.08891824,0.02421275,0.035629474,-0.049477518,-0.019817192,-0.035210125,-0.028626857,0.016745739,-0.060576785,-0.04994184,-0.0024793572,-0.04170609,0.051993936,0.03875517,0.0... |
8ba1e31f-9a53-4c36-8855-6ad89bf669d4 | 5. Lehmann JS (2009). "Biochar for environmental management: An introduction. In Biochar for
Environmental Management, Science and Technology" (https://www.css.cornell.edu/faculty/lehmann/publ/
First%20proof%2013-01-09.pdf) (PDF). Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20210706180904/http://ww
w.css.cornell.edu/faculty/... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 827, "from": 817}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Activated carbon - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Linux x86_64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/143.0.0.0 Safari/537.36", "ModDate": "D:20251215091439+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m143", "CreationDate": "D:20251215091439+... | [0.018783353,0.012646503,-0.1736719,-0.03925648,0.088024445,-0.009667786,0.027410993,-0.006043029,0.011822044,-0.018707084,0.03162476,0.015975624,0.09501416,-0.010753894,-0.021685554,-0.044178843,-0.025822394,-0.07216301,-0.021300167,0.02964871,-0.038916588,-0.05359412,0.0016445895,-0.095079824,0.027696218,0.030929156,... |
f943c92f-8585-4e45-b954-d77721e8cc82 | of the Total Environment. 631–632: 1018–1028. Bibcode:2018ScTEn.631.1018O (https://ui.adsabs.harvar
d.edu/abs/2018ScTEn.631.1018O). doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.03.072 (https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.scit
otenv.2018.03.072). hdl:10773/25013 (https://hdl.handle.net/10773%2F25013). ISSN 1879-1026 (https://s
earch.worldcat.o... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 837, "from": 827}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Activated carbon - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Linux x86_64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/143.0.0.0 Safari/537.36", "ModDate": "D:20251215091439+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m143", "CreationDate": "D:20251215091439+... | [0.0047328766,0.06406199,-0.18627332,-0.061359845,0.0614843,0.0090395985,0.004708877,0.033172667,0.034196198,-0.021897934,0.01134703,0.002524669,0.07929192,-0.031538222,0.008268953,-0.0703035,-0.032177318,-0.0414527,-0.033074304,0.040597357,-0.06693543,0.02463965,-0.028038079,-0.0913249,0.09930135,-0.007768988,-0.02561... |
6b966a99-b816-4ea4-8e34-0d8d0b740910 | 3). PMC 9774396 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9774396). PMID 36570243 (https://pub
med.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36570243).
9. Cataldi P, Lamanna L, Bertei C, Arena F, Rossi P, Liu M, Di Fonzo F, Papageorgiou DG, Luzio A, Caironi
M (26 February 2022). "An Electrically Conductive Oleogel Paste for Edible Electron... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 846, "from": 836}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Activated carbon - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Linux x86_64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/143.0.0.0 Safari/537.36", "ModDate": "D:20251215091439+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m143", "CreationDate": "D:20251215091439+... | [-0.004468815,0.017343111,-0.17588082,-0.054171804,0.0920574,-0.042798858,0.0026496225,0.007176619,-0.0020785558,-0.010123733,-0.040655103,0.0032847107,0.08378693,-0.011668464,0.037600808,-0.059843794,-0.015060175,-0.032304566,-0.02757901,0.06474425,-0.046533618,-0.017319825,-0.05278001,-0.09685175,0.055006348,-0.00913... |
e7c4506d-18b0-4f8f-81c2-43758a7c648a | s.com/monograph/charcoal-activated.html) from the original on 21 December 2016. Retrieved 23 April
2014.
11. IBM Micromedex (1 February 2019). "Charcoal, Activated (Oral Route)" (https://www.mayoclinic.org/drugs
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