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adaption-music-wikipedia-ccbysa-2k

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Continue this passage from a reference article on Roulade (music): A roulade (from Old French roler, "to roll") is a type of music ornamentation. The term has been used with some variation in meaning.	While the term has had some usage in instrumental music, it is most frequently used in the context of vocal music to refer to a florid embellishment of several musical notes sung on a single syllable. The word has sometimes been used interchangeably with the term coloratura to refer to any difficult vocal run requiring...	null	null
Continue this passage from a reference article on Arban's Complete Conservatory Method for Trumpet: Arban's Complete Conservatory Method for Trumpet is a method book for students of trumpet, cornet, and other brass instruments. The original edition, Grande méthode complète de cornet à pistons et de saxhorn, was writte...	It was reissued by multiple publishers, with notable revisions made by Thomas H. Rollinson published in 1879 by J.W. Pepper; Edwin Franko Goldman, published in 1893 by Carl Fischer; and Claude Gordon, published in 1982 also by Carl Fischer.	null	null
Explain Étude as a reference article would, in two or three sentences.	An étude (; French: [e.tyd]) or study is an instrumental, usually short musical composition designed to provide practice material for perfecting a particular musical skill. The tradition of writing études emerged in the early 19th century with the rapidly growing popularity of the piano. Of the vast number of études fr...	null	null
Continue this passage from a reference article on Controllerism: Controllerism is the art and practice of using musical software controllers, e.g. MIDI, OSC, DJ controller, joystick, etc., to build upon, mix, scratch, remix, effect, modify, or otherwise create music, usually by a digital DJ or Live PA performer, often...	Controllerism is also a nod to traditional musicianship and instrumentalism paired with modern computer sequencing software such as Ableton Live and Traktor. However, a working knowledge of scales and chords is not necessarily required as the performers typically focus their efforts more on sequencing events, software ...	null	null
Explain Caesura as a reference article would, in two or three sentences.	caesuras or caesurae; Latin for "cutting"), also written cæsura and cesura, is a metrical pause or break in a verse where one phrase ends and another phrase begins. It may be expressed by a comma (,), a tick (✓), or two lines, either slashed (//) or upright (\|\|). In time value, this break may vary between the slightest...	null	null
Explain Synthetic scale as a reference article would, in two or three sentences.	In music, a synthetic scale is a scale that derives from a traditional diatonic major scale by altering of one degree by a semitone in either direction. Composer Ferruccio Busoni originally explored these scales in his A New Esthetic of Music and their number and variety were later clarified by J. Murray Barbour, who a...	null	null
Explain Woodwind instrument as a reference article would, in two or three sentences.	Woodwind instruments are a family of musical instruments within the greater category of wind instruments. Common examples include flute, clarinet, oboe, bassoon, and saxophone. There are two main types of woodwind instruments: flutes and reed instruments (otherwise called reed pipes).	null	null
Continue this passage from a reference article on Notations: Notations is a book that was edited and compiled by American avant-garde composer John Cage (1912–1992) with Alison Knowles and first published in 1969 by Something Else Press. The book is made up of a large collection of graphical scores, facsimiles of holo...	The book includes the handwritten lyric sheet for the Beatles' song "The Word" from the album Rubber Soul (1965). The text of the book was created using chance procedures to determine which of the 269 composers would be asked to write about their work, and how many words each entry was to consist of. These pieces of wr...	null	null
Explain Fan-funded music as a reference article would, in two or three sentences.	Fan-funded music is crowdfunding for music. Often, fan-funded music occurs in conjunction with direct-to-fan marketing. Fans of music have the option to donate and collectively raise money with the goal of jump-starting the career of a given musical artist.	null	null
Continue this passage from a reference article on Pit orchestra: A pit orchestra is a type of orchestra that accompanies performers in musicals, operas, ballets, and other shows involving music. The term was also used for orchestras accompanying silent movies when more than a piano was used.	In performances of operas and ballets, the pit orchestra is typically similar in size to a symphony orchestra, though it may contain smaller string and brass sections, depending upon the piece. Such orchestras may vary in size from approximately 30 musicians (early Baroque and Classical opera) to as many as 90–100 musi...	null	null
Explain Crooked tune as a reference article would, in two or three sentences.	A crooked tune is a musical piece, generally in the American, Canadian, or Irish tradition, which deviates for the standard number of beats for that style of tune (reel, hornpipe, polka). That is, the tune may add or drop notes, disrupting the usual rhythm. Banjo player Tony Trischka described crooked tunes as: Things ...	null	null
Explain Music cipher as a reference article would, in two or three sentences.	In cryptography, a music cipher is an algorithm for the encryption of a plaintext into musical symbols or sounds. Music-based ciphers are related to, but not the same as musical cryptograms. The latter were systems used by composers to create musical themes or motifs to represent names based on similarities between let...	null	null
Explain Planephones as a reference article would, in two or three sentences.	Planephones, or planofoni, represent an innovative sound art creation. They are vibrating systems based on wood panels (or other materials) and different forms. Planephones diffuse the sound according to specifications which depend on the structure of the material, on the geometry of the design, on the orientation and...	null	null
Continue this passage from a reference article on Backing vocalist: Solo artists may employ professional backing vocalists in studio recording sessions as well as during concerts. In many rock and metal bands (e.g., the power trio), the musicians doing backing vocals also play instruments, such as guitar, electric bas...	In Latin or Afro-Cuban groups, backing singers may play percussion instruments or shakers while singing. In some pop, R&B, and hip-hop groups and in musical theater, they may be required to perform dance routines while singing through headset microphones. Styles of background vocals vary according to the type of song a...	null	null
Continue this passage from a reference article on Folk music: This process and period is sometimes called the second folk revival and reached a zenith in the 1960s. This form of music is also called contemporary folk music or folk revival music to distinguish it from earlier folk forms.	Smaller similar revivals have occurred elsewhere in the world at other times, but the term folk music has typically not been applied to the new music created during those revivals. This type of folk music also includes fusion genres such as folk rock, folk metal, and others. While contemporary folk music is a genre gen...	null	null
Explain Pandero as a reference article would, in two or three sentences.	The pandero is a percussion instrument belonging to the group of frame drums within the membranophone family. It consists of a circular wooden or plastic frame, typically 20 to 40 centimeters in diameter, over which a single head of skin is stretched. It is played in the folk music of Latin America, Spain, and Portugal...	null	null
Explain Bandish as a reference article would, in two or three sentences.	Bandish, cheez or gat is a fixed, melodic composition in Hindustani vocal or instrumental music. It is set in a specific raga, performed with rhythmic accompaniment by a tabla or pakhawaj, a steady drone, and melodic accompaniment by a sarangi, violin or harmonium. There are different ways of systematizing the parts of...	null	null
Explain Dueling pianos as a reference article would, in two or three sentences.	Dueling pianos (also known simply as "sing-along") is a form of entertainment, usually on stage with two grand pianos, each played by a professional player who sings and entertains; humor and audience participation are prevalent. Usually these types of piano bars have substantial sound systems, and most of the songs pe...	null	null
Explain Method (music) as a reference article would, in two or three sentences.	In music, a method is a kind of textbook for a specified musical instrument or a selected problem of playing a certain instrument. A method usually contains fingering charts or tablatures, etc., scales and numerous different exercises, sometimes also simple etudes, in different keys, in ascending order as to difficulty...	null	null
Continue this passage from a reference article on Clave (rhythm): The clave (; Spanish: [ˈklaβe]) is a rhythmic pattern used as a tool for temporal organization in Brazilian and Cuban music. In Spanish, clave literally means key, clef, code, or keystone.	It is present in a variety of genres such as Abakuá music, rumba, conga, son, mambo, salsa, songo, timba and Afro-Cuban jazz. The five-stroke clave pattern represents the structural core of many Cuban rhythms. The study of rhythmic methodology, especially in the context of Afro-Cuban music, and how it influences the mo...	null	null
Explain Opera as a reference article would, in two or three sentences.	Opera is a form of Western theatre in which music is a fundamental component and dramatic roles are taken by singers. Such a "work" (the literal translation of the Italian word "opera") is typically a collaboration between a composer and a librettist and incorporates a number of the performing arts, such as acting, sce...	null	null
Continue this passage from a reference article on Spiral array model: Further research by Chew and others have produced modifications of the spiral array model, and, applied it to various problems in music theory and practice, such as key finding (symbolic and audio), pitch spelling, tonal segmentation, similarity ass...	The spiral array model can be viewed as a generalized tonnetz, which maps pitches into a two-dimensional lattice (array) structure. The spiral array wraps up the two-dimensional tonnetz into a three-dimensional lattice, and models higher order structures such as chords and keys in the interior of the lattice space. Thi...	null	null
Continue this passage from a reference article on Sharpsichord: The harp is then amplified by a pair of large horns very akin to a Stroh violin which also uses Horns to amplify its sound. The instrument can also be played more traditionally using a keyboard.	The Sharpsichord is solar-powered and can play 90 seconds of music at a time. It is made of stainless steel and weighs 2,500 kilograms (5,500 lb) altogether. Dagg has stated that the Sharpsichord is intended as a tribute to Cecil Sharp, a collector of folk music.	null	null
Continue this passage from a reference article on Syncopation: In music, syncopation is a variety of rhythms played together to make a piece of music, making part or all of a tune or piece of music off-beat. More simply, syncopation is "a disturbance or interruption of the regular flow of rhythm": a "placement of rhyt...	It is the correlation of at least two sets of time intervals. Syncopation is used in many musical genres, spanning styles as diverse as ragtime, rock, and rap. According to music producer Rick Snoman, "All dance music makes use of syncopation, and it's often a vital element that helps tie the whole track together".	null	null
Explain Heavy metal music as a reference article would, in two or three sentences.	Heavy metal (or simply metal) is a genre of rock music that developed in the late 1960s and early 1970s, largely in the United Kingdom and United States. With roots in blues rock, psychedelic rock and acid rock, heavy metal bands developed a thick, monumental sound characterized by distorted guitars, extended guitar so...	null	null
Explain Variation (music) as a reference article would, in two or three sentences.	In music, variation is a formal technique where material is repeated in an altered form. The changes may involve melody, rhythm, harmony, counterpoint, timbre, orchestration or any combination of these. Variation is often contrasted with musical development, which is a slightly different means to the same end.	null	null
Explain Global Recording Artist of the Year as a reference article would, in two or three sentences.	The Global Recording Artist of the Year is an award presented by the International Federation of the Phonographic Industry (IFPI) to honor the year's commercially best-performing musician, based on global album-equivalent units earned, which includes music downloads, streaming and physical sales. It has been awarded ev...	null	null
Continue this passage from a reference article on Primary triad: In C major these are: I C V G IV F vi Am iii Em ii Dm viio Bdim In a minor key triads i and iv are minor chords, but in chord V the leading-tone is generally raised to form a major chord. For example, in A minor the primary triads are Am, D...	Chord v (minor) in a minor key might be expected to be a primary triad, but its use is rare in common practice harmony. Auxiliary chords may be considered parallel and contrast chords derived from the primary triads. For example, the supertonic, ii, is the subdominant parallel, relative of IV (in C: a d minor chord is ...	null	null
Explain Spanish tinge as a reference article would, in two or three sentences.	The Spanish tinge is an Afro-Latin rhythmic touch that spices up the more conventional 44 rhythms commonly used in jazz and pop music. The phrase is a quotation from Jelly Roll Morton. In his Library of Congress recordings, after referencing the influence of his own French Creole culture in his music, he noted the Span...	null	null
Continue this passage from a reference article on Predominant chord: In music theory, a predominant chord (also pre-dominant) is any chord with predominant (subdominant) function, normally resolving to a dominant chord. Examples of predominant chords are the subdominant (IV, iv), supertonic (ii, ii°), Neapolitan sixth...	Other examples are the secondary dominant (V/V) and secondary leading tone chord. Predominant chords may lead to secondary dominants. Predominant chords both expand away from the tonic and lead to the dominant, affirming the dominant's pull to the tonic.	null	null
Continue this passage from a reference article on Gassenhauer: Gassenhauer nach Hans Neusiedler (1536), commonly known as Gassenhauer (pronounced [ˈɡasn̩ˌhaʊ̯ɐ]), is a short piece from Orff Schulwerk, developed during the 1920s by Carl Orff with long-time collaborator Gunild Keetman. As the full title indicates, it is...	It (along with several other Orff Schulwerk pieces) is credited to Keetman on a 1995 release of the Schulwerk. As with many other pieces from the Schulwerk, it has been used multiple times on television, radio, music and in films, including the films Badlands (1973), True Romance (1993) (arrangement by Hans Zimmer), Ra...	null	null
Explain MusicWriter as a reference article would, in two or three sentences.	MusicWriter was founded in 1989 by music industry veterans Jon Monday and Larry Heller to develop and market NoteStation, a kiosk-based retail "point-of-sale manufacturing" system for the distribution and printing of sheet music. Besides having a very large library of songs across all music genres, the NoteStation was ...	null	null
Continue this passage from a reference article on Soggetto cavato: The syllables, ut, re, mi, fa, sol, la, were used to help the singers remember the pattern of whole tones and semitones. This technique, called solmization, is still used today with some minor changes, namely 'do' is used instead of 'ut,' and 'si' or '...	Using the vowel of each solmization syllable, Josquin coupled the musical pitch of the solmization syllable with the vowel of text he wanted to represent. In the case of the Missa Hercules dux Ferrariae, the text Josquin was trying to represent was Hercules Dux Ferrariae. Therefore, each vowel of those three words is c...	null	null
Continue this passage from a reference article on String (music): A vibrating string produces very little sound by itself. Therefore, most string instruments have a soundboard to amplify the sound.	There are two main kinds of strings; plain and wound. "Plain" strings are simply one piece of long cylindrical material, commonly consisted of nylon, gut, or steel. "Wound" strings have a central core, with other material being tightly wound around the string .	null	null
Continue this passage from a reference article on Spanish tinge: The Spanish tinge is an Afro-Latin rhythmic touch that spices up the more conventional 44 rhythms commonly used in jazz and pop music. The phrase is a quotation from Jelly Roll Morton.	In his Library of Congress recordings, after referencing the influence of his own French Creole culture in his music, he noted the Spanish (read Cuban) presence: Then we had Spanish people there. I heard a lot of Spanish tunes. I tried to play them in correct tempo, but I personally didn't believe they were perfected ...	null	null
Explain Key signature as a reference article would, in two or three sentences.	In Western musical notation, a key signature is a set of sharp (♯), flat (♭), or rarely, natural (♮) symbols placed on the staff at the beginning of a section of music. The initial key signature in a piece is placed immediately after the clef at the beginning of the first line. If the piece contains a section in a diff...	null	null
Continue this passage from a reference article on Time point: In music a time point or timepoint (point in time) is "an instant, analogous to a geometrical point in space". Because it has no duration, it literally cannot be heard, but it may be used to represent "the point of initiation of a single pitch, the repetiti...	It may also designate the release of a note or the point within a note at which something changes (such as dynamic level). Other terms often used in music theory and analysis are attack point and starting point. Milton Babbitt calls the distance from one time point, attack, or starting point to the next a time-point in...	null	null
Continue this passage from a reference article on Alternative rock: Alternative rock (also known as alternative music, alt-rock or simply alternative) is a category of rock music that evolved from the independent music underground of the 1970s. Alternative rock acts achieved mainstream success in the 1990s with the li...	During this period, many record labels were looking for "alternatives", as many corporate rock, hard rock, and glam metal acts from the 1980s were beginning to grow stale throughout the music industry. The emergence of Generation X as a cultural force in the 1980s and 1990s also contributed greatly to the rise of alter...	null	null
Explain Pulse (music) as a reference article would, in two or three sentences.	In music theory, the pulse is a series of uniformly spaced beats—either audible or implied—that sets the tempo and is the scaffolding for the rhythm. By contrast, rhythm is always audible and can depart from the pulse. So while the rhythm may become too difficult for an untrained listener to fully match, nearly any lis...	null	null
Continue this passage from a reference article on International Standard Music Number: The International Standard Music Number or ISMN (ISO 10957) is a thirteen-character alphanumeric identifier for printed music developed by ISO. The original proposal for an ISMN was made by the UK Branch of IAML (International Assoc...	A draft ISMN structure and application was presented at the 1987 IAML conference in Amsterdam, then after further discussions at the 1989 IAML conference in Oxford it was decided that the UK, French and German branches should, through their respective national standards bodies (BSI, AFNOR and DIN) file ISMN as an ISO w...	null	null
Explain Power chord as a reference article would, in two or three sentences.	A power chord , also called a fifth chord, is a colloquial name for a chord played on guitar, especially on electric guitar, which consists of the root note and the fifth, as well as possibly octaves of those notes. Power chords are commonly played with an amp with intentionally added distortion or overdrive effects. P...	null	null
Explain Primary triad as a reference article would, in two or three sentences.	In music, a primary triad is one of the three triads, or three-note chords built from major or minor thirds, most important in tonal and diatonic music, as opposed to an auxiliary triad or secondary triad. Each triad found in a diatonic key corresponds to a particular diatonic function. Functional harmony tends to rely...	null	null
Explain Figure (music) as a reference article would, in two or three sentences.	A musical figure or figuration is the shortest idea in music; a short succession of notes, often recurring. It may have melodic pitch, harmonic progression, and rhythmic meter. The 1964 Grove's Dictionary defines the figure as "the exact counterpart of the German 'motiv' and the French 'motif'": it produces a "single c...	null	null
Continue this passage from a reference article on Jazz chord: While the notes of a G7 chord are G–B–D–F, jazz often omits the fifth of the chord—and even the root if playing in a group. However, not all jazz pianists leave out the root when they play voicings: Bud Powell, one of the best-known of the bebop pianists, a...	Improvising chord-playing musicians who omit the root and fifth are given the option to play other notes. For example, if a seventh chord, such as G7, appears in a lead sheet or fake book, many chord-playing performers add the ninth, thirteenth or other notes to the chord, even though the lead sheet does not specify th...	null	null
Continue this passage from a reference article on Groove (music): The concept can be linked to the sorts of ostinatos that generally accompany fusions and dance musics of African derivation (e.g. African-American, Afro-Cuban, Afro-Brazilian, etc.).	The term is often applied to musical performances that make one want to move or dance, and enjoyably "groove" (a word that also has sexual connotations). The expression "in the groove" (as in the jazz standard) was widely used from around 1936 to 1945, at the height of the swing era, to describe top-notch jazz perform...	null	null
Explain Guitar as a reference article would, in two or three sentences.	The guitar is a stringed musical instrument that is usually fretted (with some exceptions) and typically has six or twelve strings, though guitars with seven, eight and nine strings also exist. It is usually held flat against the player's body and played by strumming or plucking the strings with the dominant hand, whil...	null	null
Explain Tungna as a reference article would, in two or three sentences.	The Tungna a plucked string instrument from the Northern Himalayan region: Nepal, Tibet, Sikkim and Bhutan. It is made from a single piece of carved wood. The front hollow body (which serves as the sound-box) is covered with stretched animal skin on which the 'bridge' sits.	null	null
Continue this passage from a reference article on Popular music: Although popular music sometimes is known as "pop music", the two terms are not interchangeable. Popular music is a generic term for a wide variety of genres of music that appeal to the tastes of a large segment of the population, whereas pop music usual...	Popular music songs and pieces typically have easily singable melodies. The song structure of popular music commonly involves repetition of sections, with the verse and chorus or refrain repeating throughout the song and the bridge providing a contrasting and transitional section within a piece. From the 1960s through ...	null	null
Explain Kora (instrument) as a reference article would, in two or three sentences.	The kora (Manding languages: ߞߐߙߊ kɔra) is a stringed instrument used extensively in West Africa. A kora typically has 21 strings, which are played by plucking with the fingers. It has features of the lute and harp.	null	null
Continue this passage from a reference article on Siguiriyas: Siguiriyas (Spanish pronunciation: [seɣiˈɾiʝas]; also seguiriyas, siguerillas, siguirillas, seguidilla gitana, etc.) are a form of flamenco music in the cante jondo category. This deep, expressive style is among the most important in flamenco.	Unlike other palos of flamenco, siguiriyas stands out for being purely Romani (Calé) in origin. Siguiriyas are normally played in the key of A Phrygian with each measure (the compás) consisting of 12 counts with emphasis on the 1st, 3rd, 5th, 8th and 11th beats as shown here: [1] 2 [3] 4 [5] 6 7 [8] 9 10 [11] 12 This ...	null	null
Continue this passage from a reference article on Music lesson: Music lessons are a type of formal instruction in playing a musical instrument or singing. Typically, a student taking music lessons meets a music teacher for one-to-one training sessions ranging from 30 minutes to one hour in length over a period of week...	Depending on lessons to be taught, students learn different skills relevant to the instruments used. Music teachers also assign technical exercises, musical pieces, and other activities to help the students improve their musical skills. While most music lessons are one-on-one (private), some teachers also teach groups ...	null	null
Explain Lead instrument as a reference article would, in two or three sentences.	The term lead instrument carries a variety of connotations. A lead instrument could be a reference to an instrument that plays the melody of a piece, an instrument that has been designed for this purpose, such as clarinet or violin, or a specific member of an orchestra that is featured as the most proficient musician o...	null	null
Continue this passage from a reference article on Đàn tính: The đàn tính, or tính tẩu (gourd lute), is a stringed musical instrument from tianqin (Chinese: 天琴; pinyin: Tiān qín of Zhuang people in China), imported to Vietnam by the Tày people of Lạng Sơn Province in Vietnam. Although "tính tẩu" originated as a Tày wor...	The instrument has from two to four strings in from two to four courses. The strings are made of silk, nylon or fishing wire. It is used by shamans in séances in the hope that it will be animated by spirits.	null	null
Continue this passage from a reference article on Realization (figured bass): A system that allowed much flexibility, it became a lost art, but was revived in the 20th century by scholar-performers. To realize a figured bass by writing down the actual notes to be played was (and is) a traditional exercise for students...	It was rare for established composers of the Baroque era to write down realizations. With few exceptions, those that have survived are short teaching demonstrations, or else student exercises. From this exiguous material must present-day scholars seek to recover the styles of the period, which varied considerably from ...	null	null
Explain Weird SoundCloud as a reference article would, in two or three sentences.	Weird SoundCloud, or SoundClown, is a mashup parody music scene taking place on the online distribution platform SoundCloud. The scene has been described by its producers and music journalists to be a satirical take on electronic dance music, and useless, throwaway internet content. One critic, Audra Schroeder, categor...	null	null
Continue this passage from a reference article on Neuroscience of rhythm: The neuroscience of rhythm refers to the various forms of rhythm generated by the central nervous system (CNS). Nerve cells, also known as neurons, in the human brain are capable of firing in specific patterns which cause oscillations.	The brain possesses many different types of oscillators with different periods. Oscillators are simultaneously outputting frequencies from 0.02 Hz to 600 Hz. It is now well known that a computer is capable of running thousands of processes with just one high-frequency clock.	null	null
Continue this passage from a reference article on Istrian scale: "Istrian scale" refers both to a "unique" musical scale and to the folk music genres from Istria and Kvarner which use that scale. It is named for the Istrian peninsula.	Istrian folk music is based on a distinctive six-tone musical scale (the so-called Istrian scale), and the peninsula's two-part, slightly nasal singing. The two-part singing and playing in the Istrian scale, a traditional singing practice characteristic of the Istrian region and the north Adriatic coastal area and isla...	null	null
Explain Musical notation as a reference article would, in two or three sentences.	Musical notation is any system used to visually represent music. Systems of notation generally represent the elements of a piece of music that are considered important for its performance in the context of a given musical tradition. The process of interpreting musical notation is often referred to as reading music.	null	null
Continue this passage from a reference article on Album era: The term "album era" is also used to refer to the marketing and aesthetic period surrounding a recording artist's release of an album. Long-playing record albums, first released in 1948, offered the ability to sell larger amounts of music than singles.	The album era arrived in earnest in the mid-1960s, when the Beatles began to release artistically ambitious and top-selling LPs. The industry embraced albums to immense success, and burgeoning rock criticism validated their cultural value. By the 1970s, the LP had emerged as a fundamental artistic unit and a widely pop...	null	null
Continue this passage from a reference article on Tremoloa: The tremoloa , plural tremoloas, is a stringed instrument belonging to the fretless zither family. It was produced in the United States in response to the rapid increase in popularity of Hawaiian music during the 1920s, and continued to be produced until the ...	Musical collective Broken Social Scene features the instrument in "Tremoloa Debut." The instrument is also featured sporadically on The Magnetic Fields' album 69 Love Songs. The tremoloa simulates the tonal effects of the Hawaiian steel guitar by passing a weighted roller stabilized by a swinging lever termed an arm, a...	null	null
Continue this passage from a reference article on Prosody (music): For example, a songwriter might align downbeats or accents with stressed syllables or important words, or create musical accompaniment to the meter of the lyrics. Also, prosody can mean how the music supports the connotation, or emotive nature, of a so...	Any musical work with a singer, regardless of the genre, requires its composer or songwriter to examine the interplay between the music and the words. For example, the mood of the music typically matches that of the lyrical content: for example, when the lyrics address a sad topic, the music would sound sad, perhaps us...	null	null
Continue this passage from a reference article on Primary triad: In music, a primary triad is one of the three triads, or three-note chords built from major or minor thirds, most important in tonal and diatonic music, as opposed to an auxiliary triad or secondary triad. Each triad found in a diatonic key corresponds t...	Functional harmony tends to rely heavily on the primary triads: triads built on the tonic, subdominant, and dominant degrees. The roots of these triads begin on the first, fourth, and fifth degrees (respectively) of the diatonic scale, otherwise symbolized: I, IV, and V (again, respectively). Primary triads, "express f...	null	null
Continue this passage from a reference article on Musical technique: Techniques such as intonation or timbre, articulation, and musical phrasing are nearly universal to all instruments. To improve their technique, musicians often practice ear training.	For example, musical intervals, and fundamental patterns and of notes such as the natural, minor, major, and chromatic scales, minor and major triads, dominant and diminished sevenths, formula patterns and arpeggios. For example, triads and sevenths teach how to play chords with accuracy and speed. Scales teach how to ...	null	null
Continue this passage from a reference article on Colascione: The colascione (or calascione, Italian: [kolaʃˈʃoːne], French: colachon [kɔlaʃɔ̃], also sometimes known as liuto della giraffa meaning giraffe-lute, a reference to its long neck, is a plucked string instrument from the late Renaissance and early Baroque per...	It has two or three strings tuned in fifths. Noteworthy are the great similarities of the colascione with instruments such as the dutar, the tanbur or the saz. Nevertheless, there are important differences, such as the bridge being on the top of the body.	null	null
Continue this passage from a reference article on Musical tone: A simple tone, or pure tone, has a sinusoidal waveform. A complex tone is a combination of two or more pure tones that have a periodic pattern of repetition, unless specified otherwise.	The Fourier theorem states that any periodic waveform can be approximated as closely as desired as the sum of a series of sine waves with frequencies in a harmonic series and at specific phase relationships to each other. The common denominator frequency, which is also often the lowest of these frequencies is the funda...	null	null
Continue this passage from a reference article on Progressive soul: Progressive soul (often shortened to prog-soul; also called black prog, black rock, and progressive R&B) is a type of African-American music that uses a progressive approach, particularly in the context of the soul and funk genres. It developed in the...	Among their influences were musical forms that arose from rhythm and blues music's transformation into rock, such as Motown, progressive rock, psychedelic soul, and jazz fusion. Progressive soul music can feature an eclectic range of influences, from both African and European sources. Musical characteristics commonly f...	null	null
Explain Siffernotskrift as a reference article would, in two or three sentences.	'numerical note writing') or sifferskrift is a form of numbered musical notation in which numerals are given which correspond to musical notes on given instruments. The system was devised and used by Swedish clergyman, psalmist, and music educator Johan Dillner (1785–1862) in the hymnal he wrote 1830 for the psalmodic...	null	null
Continue this passage from a reference article on Balalaika: The balalaika (Russian: балала́йка, pronounced [bəɫɐˈɫajkə]) is a Russian stringed musical instrument with a characteristic triangular wooden, hollow body, fretted neck, and three strings. Two strings are usually tuned to the same note and the third string ...	The higher-pitched balalaikas are used to play melodies and chords. The instrument generally has a short sustain, necessitating rapid strumming or plucking when it is used to play melodies. Balalaikas are often used for Russian folk music and dancing.	null	null
Continue this passage from a reference article on Vocal rest: Vocal rest or voice rest is the practice of resting the vocal folds by not speaking or singing. It typically follows viral infections that cause hoarseness in the voice, such as the common cold or influenza, or more serious vocal disorders such as chorditis...	Vocal rest is also recommended after surgery to remove vocal fold lesions, such as vocal fold cysts. Vocal rest is also used by actors and singers before a show by not speaking to rest their voice to get its full potential come show time. The purpose of vocal rest is to hasten recovery time.	null	null
Explain Complexe sonore as a reference article would, in two or three sentences.	The complexe sonore is an octatonic chord consisting of minor third relations. More precisely, the complexe sonore is Igor Stravinsky's use of diatonic and whole tone motifs, and scales, against an octatonic background, rotated by minor thirds. Stravinsky "considered them to be in a perpetual state of potential symmetr...	null	null
Explain Music genre as a reference article would, in two or three sentences.	A music genre is a conventional category that identifies some pieces of music as belonging to a shared tradition or set of conventions. Genre is to be distinguished from musical form and musical style, although in practice these terms are sometimes used interchangeably. Music can be divided into genres in numerous ways...	null	null
Continue this passage from a reference article on Wailing woman: The wailing woman is a musical motif and solo vocal effect that features "an exotic-sounding, ululating female singer" traditionally heard in the soundtracks of epic films and historical dramas. Generally composed in half-steps and featuring heavy vibrat...	The mournful wail, typically sung in alto, may often deal with a tragic subject matter or a foreign locale, where it heightens the emotional moments in the scenes while expressing a dramatic mood. It has since been used in scores of film genres outside of drama, and as well as in television shows and video games. Other...	null	null
Explain Negative harmony as a reference article would, in two or three sentences.	In music theory, negative harmony is a concept that every musical note, or more precisely, every interval — and therefore every chord, has a corresponding “negative” counterpart produced by reflecting the pitch across a harmonic axis between the tonic root and its dominant. The idea stems from the theory of polarity of...	null	null
Continue this passage from a reference article on Symphonia: Symphonia (Greek συμφωνία) is a much-discussed word, applied at different times to the bagpipe, the drum, the hurdy-gurdy, and finally a kind of clavichord. The sixth of the musical instruments enumerated in Book of Daniel, Daniel 3 (verses 5, 10 and 15), tr...	The symphonia, signifying drum, is mentioned in Isidore of Seville's Etymologiae under the entries for tympanum and sambuca. "Symphonia" or chifonie was applied during the 13th and 14th centuries, in the Latin countries more especially, to the hurdy-gurdy. "Symphonia" is applied by Praetorius to an instrument which he ...	null	null
Continue this passage from a reference article on Generated collection: In music theory, a generated collection is a collection or scale formed by repeatedly adding a constant interval in integer notation, the generator, also known as an interval cycle, around the chromatic circle until a complete collection or scale ...	The C major diatonic collection can be generated by adding a cycle of perfect fifths (C7) starting at F: F-C-G-D-A-E-B = C-D-E-F-G-A-B. Using integer notation and 12-tone equal temperament, the standard tuning of Western music: 5 + 7 = 0, 0 + 7 = 7, 7 + 7 = 2, 2 + 7 = 9, 9 + 7 = 4, 4 + 7 = 11. The C major scale could a...	null	null
Continue this passage from a reference article on Polystylism: Polystylism is the use of multiple styles or techniques in literature, art, film, or, especially, music. Some prominent contemporary polystylist composers include Peter Maxwell Davies, Alfred Schnittke, and John Zorn.	Polystylist composers from earlier in the twentieth century include Charles Ives and Erik Satie. Among literary figures, James Joyce has been referred to as a polystylist. On the other hand, composers including Sofia Gubaidulina have rejected the term as not applicable to their work.	null	null
Explain Chord (music) as a reference article would, in two or three sentences.	A chord is the simultaneous sound of two or more musical notes. The most common chord has three notes and is known as a triad. Added tone chords, extended chords, and tone clusters can have more than three notes and are common in contemporary classical music and jazz.	null	null
Continue this passage from a reference article on Cycle (music): Cycles are also individual pieces of larger works, like the movements in a suite, symphony sonata, or string quartet. This can range from settings of the Mass or a song cycle to an opera cycle.	Another cycle is the complete performance of an individual composer's work in one genre. Harmonic cycles—repeated sequences of a harmonic progression—are at the root of many musical genres, such as the twelve-bar blues. In compositions of this genre, the chord progression may be repeated indefinitely, with melodic and ...	null	null
Explain Dumbek rhythms as a reference article would, in two or three sentences.	Dumbek rhythms are a collection of rhythms that are usually played with hand drums such as the dumbek. These rhythms are various combinations of these three basic sounds: Doom (D), produced with the dominant hand striking the sweet spot of the skin. Ka (T), produced with the recessive hand striking the rim.	null	null
Continue this passage from a reference article on Modal frame: Further defined features include: melodic dissonance: the quality of a note that is modally unstable and attracted to other more important tones in a non-harmonic way melodic triad: arpeggiated triads in a melody. A non-harmonic arpeggio is most commonly ...	level: a temporary modal frame contrasted with another built on a different foundation note. A change in levels is called a shift. co-tonic: a melodic tonic different from and as important as the harmonic tonic secondary tonic: a melodic tonic different from but subordinate to the harmonic tonic pendular third: alterna...	null	null
Explain Reverse echo as a reference article would, in two or three sentences.	Reverse echo and reverse reverb are sound effects created as the result of recording an echo or reverb effect of an audio recording played backwards. The original recording is then played forward, accompanied by the recording of the echoed or reverberated signal, which now precedes the original signal. The process prod...	null	null
Continue this passage from a reference article on Religious music: Sometimes, religious music uses similar instruments across cultures. The use of drums (and drumming), for example, is seen commonly in numerous religions such as Rastafari and Sinism, while wind instruments (the horn, saxophone, trumpet and variations ...	Throughout each religion, each form of religious music, within the specific religion, differs for a different purpose. For example, in Islamic music, some types of music are used for prayer while others are used for celebrations. Similarly, a variation like this is shared between many other religions.	null	null
Continue this passage from a reference article on Da capo: might occur after one or more repeats of small sections, indicating a return to the very beginning. The resulting structure of the piece is generally in ternary form.	Sometimes, the composer describes the part to be repeated, for example: Menuet da capo. In opera, where an aria of this structure is called a da capo aria, the repeated section is often adorned with grace notes. 'end') is generally placed above the stave at the point where the movement ceases after a 'Da capo' repetiti...	null	null
Explain Jeff Biederman as a reference article would, in two or three sentences.	Jeff Biederman (also known as Charles J. Biederman) is an American entertainment lawyer and partner at Greenberg Traurig. He is known for representing the Estate of Miles Davis and for his work on music catalog, publishing, and entertainment-related acquisitions.	null	null
Explain A Composer's Guide to Game Music as a reference article would, in two or three sentences.	A Composer's Guide to Game Music is a 2014 book written by Winifred Phillips, a video game composer with over 11 years experience creating music for such games as Assassin's Creed Liberation, God of War and multiple games in the LittleBigPlanet franchise. Through the use of autobiographical anecdotes, scholarly discuss...	null	null
Continue this passage from a reference article on Roman numeral analysis: In music theory, Roman numeral analysis is a type of harmonic analysis in which chords are represented by Roman numerals, which encode the chord's degree and harmonic function within a given musical key. Specific notation conventions vary: some ...	I, IV, V) to represent major chords, and lowercase numerals (e.g. ii, iii, vi) to represent minor chords. Others use uppercase numerals for all chords regardless of their quality.	null	null
Continue this passage from a reference article on Cantor (Christianity): In Christianity, the cantor, female chantress, sometimes called the precentor or the protopsaltes (Greek: πρωτοψάλτης, lit. 'first singer'; from Greek: ψάλτης, romanized: psaltes, lit.	'singer'), is the chief singer, and usually instructor, employed at a church, with responsibilities for the choir and the preparation of the Mass or worship service. The term is also used for a similar task in Reform Judaism and in Ancient Egypt. Generally, a cantor must be competent to choose and conduct the vocals fo...	null	null
Continue this passage from a reference article on Gerong: Gerong (Javanese: ꦒꦼꦫꦺꦴꦁ, romanized: gerong) is the Javanese verb meaning "to sing in a chorus." Penggerong is the proper name of a member of the chorus, but often the word gerong is used to refer to the unison male chorus that sings with the gamelan. The choru...	The gerong generally sings in distinct sections of a gamelan composition. Certain standard texts in Javanese poetic meters of various structures are used in many compositions; some are based in Javanese poetic forms known as macapat. Some pieces have specific texts written for them, but this is often a special treatmen...	null	null
Continue this passage from a reference article on Chromatic scale: In Western music, a chromatic scale (or twelve-tone scale) is a set of twelve pitches within an octave, where the interval between any two adjacent notes is a semitone. The chromatic scale is a common layout of pitches for fixed-pitch instruments such ...	Other instruments capable of continuously variable pitch, such as the trombone and violin, can also produce microtones, or intervals smaller than a semitone. Chromatic scales may be tuned in several different ways. The most common tuning system is 12-tone equal temperament, which divides the twelve pitches evenly.	null	null
Continue this passage from a reference article on Arch form: Though the form appears to be static and to deny progress, the pairs of movements create an "undirectional process" with the center, and the form "actually engenders specific expressive possibilities that would otherwise be unavailable for the work as a whol...	Samuel Barber's Adagio for Strings and Shostakovich's String Quartet No. 8 in C minor also use arch form. The most popular arch-form structure is ABCBA.	null	null
Continue this passage from a reference article on Retrograde (music): A melodic line that is the reverse of a previously or simultaneously stated line is said to be its retrograde or cancrizans ( "walking backward", medieval Latin, from cancer "crab"). An exact retrograde includes both the pitches and rhythms in rever...	An even more exact retrograde reverses the physical contour of the notes themselves, though this is possible only in electronic music. Some composers choose to subject just the pitches of a musical line to retrograde, or just the rhythms. In twelve-tone music, reversal of the pitch classes alone—regardless of the melod...	null	null
Continue this passage from a reference article on Tungna: The Tungna a plucked string instrument from the Northern Himalayan region: Nepal, Tibet, Sikkim and Bhutan. It is made from a single piece of carved wood.	The front hollow body (which serves as the sound-box) is covered with stretched animal skin on which the 'bridge' sits. The Tungna has four strings which is anchored to the keys and body at both ends and the 'bridge' acts as a cantilever thus maintaining the tension of the strings. It is mostly played by the people in ...	null	null
Explain Euler–Fokker genus as a reference article would, in two or three sentences.	In music theory and tuning, an Euler–Fokker genus (plural: genera), named after Leonhard Euler and Adriaan Fokker, is a musical scale in just intonation whose pitches can be expressed as products of some of the members of some multiset of generating prime factors. Powers of two are usually ignored, because of the way t...	null	null
Explain Matrix (music) as a reference article would, in two or three sentences.	In music, especially folk and popular music, a matrix is an element of variations which does not change. The term was derived from use in musical writings and from Arthur Koestler's The Act of Creation, who defines creativity as the bisociation of two sets of ideas or matrices. Musical matrices may be combined in any n...	null	null
Explain Solfège as a reference article would, in two or three sentences.	In music, solfège (UK: or US: ; French: [sɔlfɛʒ]) or solfeggio (; Italian: [solˈfeddʒo]), also called sol-fa, solfa, solfeo, among many names, is a mnemonic used in teaching aural skills, pitch and sight-reading of Western European music. Solfège is a form of solmization, although the two terms are sometimes used inte...	null	null
Explain Simbing as a reference article would, in two or three sentences.	The simbing is a Malian harp-lute, used by the Mandinka people of Mali, and the Mandinka and Jola peoples of Senegal and Gambia. The instrument consists of a calabash resonator, a (usually curved) stick for a neck, a metal jingle attached to the neck, and a bridge that holds the string over the skin soundboard in a ver...	null	null
Continue this passage from a reference article on Popular music pedagogy: Some notable community institutions, such as Cleveland's Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum and Seattle's Experience Music Project have also contributed to the development of popular music pedagogy through symposia and educational outreach pr...	Postgraduate programmes were later introduced, for example at the Institute of Popular Music at the University of Liverpool. There are now more than 76 popular music studies degree programmes in the UK. These programs expanded when the UK government made popular music a core part of schools' music provision through the...	null	null
Continue this passage from a reference article on Shaabi: Shaabi originated in Cairo from the 1920s to the 1940s, as in certain songs and themes of composer Sayyid Darwish, and from the 1940s to 1960s by mawwal singers Abu Dira and Anwar al-Askari and in songs by Shafiq Gallal, Mohamed abd el-Motleb, Mohamed el-Ezzabi...	It became also known outside of Egypt ever since the 1970s and even gained some global fame. It is considered as a form of the local urban music expressing the difficulties and frustrations of modern lower-class Egyptian life. Shaabi singers predating the 1970s often sang other genres, such as religious music, love son...	null	null
Continue this passage from a reference article on Gymel: In medieval and early Renaissance English polyphonic music, gymel (also gimel or gemell) is the technique of temporarily dividing up one voice part, usually an upper one, into two parts of equal range, but singing different music. Often the two voices sing a pas...	While the earliest use of gymel seems to have been around the mid-14th century, the earliest notated gymels survive from approximately 1430. It is probable that some earlier notated examples have been lost, since the vast majority of English manuscript sources from before the 1530s were destroyed during the Dissolution...	null	null
Continue this passage from a reference article on Additive rhythm and divisive rhythm: For example, 4 may be evenly divided by 2 or reached by adding 2 + 2. In contrast, 5 is only evenly divisible by 5 and 1 and may be reached by adding 2 or 3.	Thus, 48 (or, more commonly, 24) is divisive while 58 is additive. Sub-Saharan African music and most European (Western) music is divisive, while Indian and other Asian musics may be considered as primarily additive. However, many pieces of music cannot be clearly labeled divisive or additive.	null	null

End of preview. Expand in Data Studio

Music Reference Text (Wikipedia)

Reference-style explanations and passage continuations taken verbatim from English Wikipedia articles.


Rows	1,958
Domain	music
Format	`data.parquet`, one row per example
Licence	cc-by-sa-4.0
Built for	supervised fine-tuning (SFT) experiments on Adaption AutoScientist

Columns

Column	Description
`original_prompt`	The prompt (user turn) as uploaded.
`original_completion`	The target response as uploaded.
`enhanced_prompt`	Empty in this dataset.
`enhanced_completion`	Empty in this dataset.

How it was built

Fetched per topic category through the Wikipedia API; every completion is a verbatim span of its source article (checked against the article text).

Sources and licence

English Wikipedia (CC-BY-SA-4.0)

Notes

Columns enhanced_prompt, enhanced_completion are empty in this dataset (the Adaption export reserves them for rewritten text).
Share-alike: derivatives must carry the same licence.

Loading

from datasets import load_dataset
ds = load_dataset("rodriguescarson/adaption-music-wikipedia-ccbysa-2k", split="train")

import pandas as pd
df = pd.read_parquet("hf://datasets/rodriguescarson/adaption-music-wikipedia-ccbysa-2k/data.parquet")

Published by Carson Rodrigues (Hugging Face, Kaggle).

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